From Jason Turner

[basic.start.term]

C++20 → C++23 21.1 KB 192 lines
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Archived: C++20 | C++23
Markdown: C++20 | C++23
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  1. tmp/tmpt9gz5ozq/{from.md → to.md} +86 -95
tmp/tmpt9gz5ozq/{from.md → to.md} RENAMED
@@ -23,23 +23,25 @@ of the constructor or dynamic initialization of an object with thread
23
  storage duration is sequenced before that of another, the completion of
24
  the destructor of the second is sequenced before the initiation of the
25
  destructor of the first. If an object is initialized statically, the
26
  object is destroyed in the same order as if the object was dynamically
27
  initialized. For an object of array or class type, all subobjects of
28
- that object are destroyed before any block-scope object with static
29
- storage duration initialized during the construction of the subobjects
30
- is destroyed. If the destruction of an object with static or thread
31
- storage duration exits via an exception, the function `std::terminate`
32
- is called [[except.terminate]].
33
 
34
- If a function contains a block-scope object of static or thread storage
35
  duration that has been destroyed and the function is called during the
36
  destruction of an object with static or thread storage duration, the
37
  program has undefined behavior if the flow of control passes through the
38
- definition of the previously destroyed block-scope object. Likewise, the
39
- behavior is undefined if the block-scope object is used indirectly
40
- (i.e., through a pointer) after its destruction.
 
 
41
 
42
  If the completion of the initialization of an object with static storage
43
  duration strongly happens before a call to `std::atexit` (see
44
  `<cstdlib>`, [[support.start.term]]), the call to the function passed to
45
  `std::atexit` is sequenced before the call to the destructor for the
@@ -56,11 +58,11 @@ If there is a use of a standard library object or function not permitted
56
  within signal handlers [[support.runtime]] that does not happen before
57
  [[intro.multithread]] completion of destruction of objects with static
58
  storage duration and execution of `std::atexit` registered functions
59
  [[support.start.term]], the program has undefined behavior.
60
 
61
- [*Note 2*: If there is a use of an object with static storage duration
62
  that does not happen before the object’s destruction, the program has
63
  undefined behavior. Terminating every thread before a call to
64
  `std::exit` or the exit from `main` is sufficient, but not necessary, to
65
  satisfy these requirements. These requirements permit thread managers as
66
  static-storage-duration objects. — *end note*]
@@ -68,49 +70,50 @@ static-storage-duration objects. — *end note*]
68
  Calling the function `std::abort()` declared in `<cstdlib>` terminates
69
  the program without executing any destructors and without calling the
70
  functions passed to `std::atexit()` or `std::at_quick_exit()`.
71
 
72
  <!-- Link reference definitions -->
73
- [allocator.members]: utilities.md#allocator.members
74
- [allocator.traits.members]: utilities.md#allocator.traits.members
75
- [atomics]: atomics.md#atomics
76
- [atomics.flag]: atomics.md#atomics.flag
77
- [atomics.lockfree]: atomics.md#atomics.lockfree
78
- [atomics.order]: atomics.md#atomics.order
79
  [bad.alloc]: support.md#bad.alloc
80
  [basic]: #basic
81
  [basic.align]: #basic.align
82
  [basic.compound]: #basic.compound
83
  [basic.def]: #basic.def
84
  [basic.def.odr]: #basic.def.odr
85
  [basic.exec]: #basic.exec
 
86
  [basic.fundamental]: #basic.fundamental
87
  [basic.fundamental.width]: #basic.fundamental.width
88
- [basic.funscope]: #basic.funscope
89
  [basic.indet]: #basic.indet
90
  [basic.life]: #basic.life
91
  [basic.link]: #basic.link
92
  [basic.lookup]: #basic.lookup
93
  [basic.lookup.argdep]: #basic.lookup.argdep
94
- [basic.lookup.classref]: #basic.lookup.classref
95
  [basic.lookup.elab]: #basic.lookup.elab
 
96
  [basic.lookup.qual]: #basic.lookup.qual
 
97
  [basic.lookup.udir]: #basic.lookup.udir
98
  [basic.lookup.unqual]: #basic.lookup.unqual
99
  [basic.lval]: expr.md#basic.lval
100
  [basic.memobj]: #basic.memobj
101
  [basic.namespace]: dcl.md#basic.namespace
102
  [basic.pre]: #basic.pre
103
  [basic.scope]: #basic.scope
104
  [basic.scope.block]: #basic.scope.block
105
  [basic.scope.class]: #basic.scope.class
106
- [basic.scope.declarative]: #basic.scope.declarative
107
  [basic.scope.enum]: #basic.scope.enum
108
- [basic.scope.hiding]: #basic.scope.hiding
109
  [basic.scope.namespace]: #basic.scope.namespace
110
  [basic.scope.param]: #basic.scope.param
111
  [basic.scope.pdecl]: #basic.scope.pdecl
 
112
  [basic.scope.temp]: #basic.scope.temp
113
  [basic.start]: #basic.start
114
  [basic.start.dynamic]: #basic.start.dynamic
115
  [basic.start.main]: #basic.start.main
116
  [basic.start.static]: #basic.start.static
@@ -118,22 +121,25 @@ functions passed to `std::atexit()` or `std::at_quick_exit()`.
118
  [basic.stc]: #basic.stc
119
  [basic.stc.auto]: #basic.stc.auto
120
  [basic.stc.dynamic]: #basic.stc.dynamic
121
  [basic.stc.dynamic.allocation]: #basic.stc.dynamic.allocation
122
  [basic.stc.dynamic.deallocation]: #basic.stc.dynamic.deallocation
123
- [basic.stc.dynamic.safety]: #basic.stc.dynamic.safety
 
124
  [basic.stc.inherit]: #basic.stc.inherit
125
  [basic.stc.static]: #basic.stc.static
126
  [basic.stc.thread]: #basic.stc.thread
127
  [basic.type.qualifier]: #basic.type.qualifier
128
  [basic.type.qualifier.rel]: #basic.type.qualifier.rel
129
  [basic.types]: #basic.types
130
- [bit.cast]: numerics.md#bit.cast
131
- [c.malloc]: utilities.md#c.malloc
 
132
  [class]: class.md#class
133
  [class.abstract]: class.md#class.abstract
134
  [class.access]: class.md#class.access
 
135
  [class.base.init]: class.md#class.base.init
136
  [class.bit]: class.md#class.bit
137
  [class.cdtor]: class.md#class.cdtor
138
  [class.conv.fct]: class.md#class.conv.fct
139
  [class.copy.assign]: class.md#class.copy.assign
@@ -142,26 +148,24 @@ functions passed to `std::atexit()` or `std::at_quick_exit()`.
142
  [class.default.ctor]: class.md#class.default.ctor
143
  [class.derived]: class.md#class.derived
144
  [class.dtor]: class.md#class.dtor
145
  [class.free]: class.md#class.free
146
  [class.friend]: class.md#class.friend
147
- [class.local]: class.md#class.local
148
  [class.mem]: class.md#class.mem
149
- [class.member.lookup]: class.md#class.member.lookup
150
  [class.mfct]: class.md#class.mfct
151
- [class.mfct.non-static]: class.md#class.mfct.non-static
152
  [class.name]: class.md#class.name
153
- [class.nest]: class.md#class.nest
154
  [class.pre]: class.md#class.pre
155
  [class.prop]: class.md#class.prop
156
  [class.qual]: #class.qual
157
  [class.spaceship]: class.md#class.spaceship
158
  [class.static]: class.md#class.static
159
  [class.static.data]: class.md#class.static.data
160
  [class.temporary]: #class.temporary
161
- [class.this]: class.md#class.this
162
  [class.union]: class.md#class.union
 
163
  [class.virtual]: class.md#class.virtual
164
  [conv]: expr.md#conv
165
  [conv.array]: expr.md#conv.array
166
  [conv.func]: expr.md#conv.func
167
  [conv.integral]: expr.md#conv.integral
@@ -189,11 +193,10 @@ functions passed to `std::atexit()` or `std::at_quick_exit()`.
189
  [dcl.fct.default]: dcl.md#dcl.fct.default
190
  [dcl.init]: dcl.md#dcl.init
191
  [dcl.init.aggr]: dcl.md#dcl.init.aggr
192
  [dcl.init.list]: dcl.md#dcl.init.list
193
  [dcl.init.ref]: dcl.md#dcl.init.ref
194
- [dcl.inline]: dcl.md#dcl.inline
195
  [dcl.link]: dcl.md#dcl.link
196
  [dcl.meaning]: dcl.md#dcl.meaning
197
  [dcl.mptr]: dcl.md#dcl.mptr
198
  [dcl.name]: dcl.md#dcl.name
199
  [dcl.pre]: dcl.md#dcl.pre
@@ -201,34 +204,31 @@ functions passed to `std::atexit()` or `std::at_quick_exit()`.
201
  [dcl.ref]: dcl.md#dcl.ref
202
  [dcl.spec]: dcl.md#dcl.spec
203
  [dcl.spec.auto]: dcl.md#dcl.spec.auto
204
  [dcl.stc]: dcl.md#dcl.stc
205
  [dcl.struct.bind]: dcl.md#dcl.struct.bind
 
206
  [dcl.type.elab]: dcl.md#dcl.type.elab
207
  [dcl.typedef]: dcl.md#dcl.typedef
208
  [defns.block]: intro.md#defns.block
209
- [defns.signature]: intro.md#defns.signature
210
- [defns.signature.templ]: intro.md#defns.signature.templ
211
  [depr.local]: future.md#depr.local
212
  [depr.static.constexpr]: future.md#depr.static.constexpr
213
  [diff.cpp11.basic]: compatibility.md#diff.cpp11.basic
214
  [enum.udecl]: dcl.md#enum.udecl
215
  [except.handle]: except.md#except.handle
216
  [except.pre]: except.md#except.pre
217
  [except.spec]: except.md#except.spec
218
  [except.terminate]: except.md#except.terminate
219
  [except.throw]: except.md#except.throw
220
- [expr]: expr.md#expr
221
  [expr.add]: expr.md#expr.add
222
  [expr.alignof]: expr.md#expr.alignof
223
  [expr.arith.conv]: expr.md#expr.arith.conv
224
  [expr.ass]: expr.md#expr.ass
225
  [expr.await]: expr.md#expr.await
226
  [expr.call]: expr.md#expr.call
227
  [expr.cast]: expr.md#expr.cast
228
  [expr.comma]: expr.md#expr.comma
229
- [expr.compound]: expr.md#expr.compound
230
  [expr.cond]: expr.md#expr.cond
231
  [expr.const]: expr.md#expr.const
232
  [expr.const.cast]: expr.md#expr.const.cast
233
  [expr.context]: expr.md#expr.context
234
  [expr.delete]: expr.md#expr.delete
@@ -238,12 +238,12 @@ functions passed to `std::atexit()` or `std::at_quick_exit()`.
238
  [expr.log.or]: expr.md#expr.log.or
239
  [expr.mptr.oper]: expr.md#expr.mptr.oper
240
  [expr.new]: expr.md#expr.new
241
  [expr.pre]: expr.md#expr.pre
242
  [expr.prim.id]: expr.md#expr.prim.id
243
- [expr.prim.id.dtor]: expr.md#expr.prim.id.dtor
244
  [expr.prim.id.qual]: expr.md#expr.prim.id.qual
 
245
  [expr.prim.lambda]: expr.md#expr.prim.lambda
246
  [expr.prim.lambda.capture]: expr.md#expr.prim.lambda.capture
247
  [expr.prim.lambda.closure]: expr.md#expr.prim.lambda.closure
248
  [expr.prim.this]: expr.md#expr.prim.this
249
  [expr.prop]: expr.md#expr.prop
@@ -259,184 +259,175 @@ functions passed to `std::atexit()` or `std::at_quick_exit()`.
259
  [get.new.handler]: support.md#get.new.handler
260
  [headers]: library.md#headers
261
  [intro.execution]: #intro.execution
262
  [intro.memory]: #intro.memory
263
  [intro.multithread]: #intro.multithread
 
264
  [intro.object]: #intro.object
265
  [intro.progress]: #intro.progress
266
  [intro.races]: #intro.races
267
  [lex.charset]: lex.md#lex.charset
 
268
  [lex.name]: lex.md#lex.name
269
  [lex.separate]: lex.md#lex.separate
270
- [locale]: localization.md#locale
271
- [meta.trans.other]: utilities.md#meta.trans.other
272
  [module.context]: module.md#module.context
273
  [module.global.frag]: module.md#module.global.frag
274
- [module.import]: module.md#module.import
275
  [module.interface]: module.md#module.interface
276
  [module.reach]: module.md#module.reach
277
  [module.unit]: module.md#module.unit
278
  [multibyte.strings]: library.md#multibyte.strings
279
  [namespace.def]: dcl.md#namespace.def
280
- [namespace.memdef]: dcl.md#namespace.memdef
281
  [namespace.qual]: #namespace.qual
282
  [namespace.udecl]: dcl.md#namespace.udecl
283
  [namespace.udir]: dcl.md#namespace.udir
 
284
  [new.delete]: support.md#new.delete
285
  [new.delete.array]: support.md#new.delete.array
286
  [new.delete.placement]: support.md#new.delete.placement
287
  [new.delete.single]: support.md#new.delete.single
288
  [new.handler]: support.md#new.handler
 
 
289
  [over]: over.md#over
290
  [over.literal]: over.md#over.literal
291
  [over.match]: over.md#over.match
 
292
  [over.oper]: over.md#over.oper
293
  [over.over]: over.md#over.over
294
- [ptr.align]: utilities.md#ptr.align
295
  [ptr.launder]: support.md#ptr.launder
296
  [replacement.functions]: library.md#replacement.functions
297
  [special]: class.md#special
 
 
298
  [stmt.block]: stmt.md#stmt.block
299
  [stmt.dcl]: stmt.md#stmt.dcl
300
  [stmt.expr]: stmt.md#stmt.expr
301
- [stmt.goto]: stmt.md#stmt.goto
302
  [stmt.if]: stmt.md#stmt.if
303
- [stmt.label]: stmt.md#stmt.label
 
304
  [stmt.ranged]: stmt.md#stmt.ranged
305
  [stmt.return]: stmt.md#stmt.return
 
306
  [support.dynamic]: support.md#support.dynamic
307
- [support.limits]: support.md#support.limits
308
  [support.runtime]: support.md#support.runtime
309
  [support.start.term]: support.md#support.start.term
310
  [support.types]: support.md#support.types
 
311
  [temp.deduct.guide]: temp.md#temp.deduct.guide
312
  [temp.dep]: temp.md#temp.dep
313
  [temp.dep.candidate]: temp.md#temp.dep.candidate
 
 
314
  [temp.expl.spec]: temp.md#temp.expl.spec
315
  [temp.explicit]: temp.md#temp.explicit
 
316
  [temp.local]: temp.md#temp.local
317
  [temp.names]: temp.md#temp.names
318
- [temp.nondep]: temp.md#temp.nondep
319
  [temp.over]: temp.md#temp.over
 
320
  [temp.param]: temp.md#temp.param
321
  [temp.point]: temp.md#temp.point
322
  [temp.pre]: temp.md#temp.pre
323
  [temp.res]: temp.md#temp.res
324
  [temp.spec]: temp.md#temp.spec
 
325
  [temp.type]: temp.md#temp.type
 
 
 
326
  [thread]: thread.md#thread
327
  [thread.jthread.class]: thread.md#thread.jthread.class
328
  [thread.thread.class]: thread.md#thread.thread.class
329
  [thread.threads]: thread.md#thread.threads
330
- [util.dynamic.safety]: utilities.md#util.dynamic.safety
331
 
332
  [^1]: Appearing inside the brace-enclosed *declaration-seq* in a
333
  *linkage-specification* does not affect whether a declaration is a
334
  definition.
335
 
336
  [^2]: An implementation is not required to call allocation and
337
  deallocation functions from constructors or destructors; however,
338
  this is a permissible implementation technique.
339
 
340
- [^3]: This refers to unqualified names that occur, for instance, in a
341
- type or default argument in the *parameter-declaration-clause* or
342
- used in the function body.
343
 
344
- [^4]: This refers to unqualified names following the class name; such a
345
- name may be used in a *base-specifier* or in the
346
- *member-specification* of the class definition.
347
-
348
- [^5]: This lookup applies whether the definition of `X` is nested within
349
- `Y`’s definition or whether `X`’s definition appears in a namespace
350
- scope enclosing `Y`’s definition [[class.nest]].
351
-
352
- [^6]: That is, an unqualified name that occurs, for instance, in a type
353
- in the *parameter-declaration-clause* or in the
354
- *noexcept-specifier*.
355
-
356
- [^7]: This lookup applies whether the member function is defined within
357
- the definition of class `X` or whether the member function is
358
- defined in a namespace scope enclosing `X`’s definition.
359
-
360
- [^8]: Lookups in which function names are ignored include names
361
  appearing in a *nested-name-specifier*, an
362
  *elaborated-type-specifier*, or a *base-specifier*.
363
 
364
- [^9]: The number of bits in a byte is reported by the macro `CHAR_BIT`
 
 
 
 
 
365
  in the header `<climits>`.
366
 
367
- [^10]: Under the “as-if” rule an implementation is allowed to store two
368
  objects at the same machine address or not store an object at all if
369
  the program cannot observe the difference [[intro.execution]].
370
 
371
- [^11]: For example, before the construction of a global object that is
372
- initialized via a user-provided constructor [[class.cdtor]].
373
 
374
- [^12]: That is, an object for which a destructor will be called
375
  implicitly—upon exit from the block for an object with automatic
376
  storage duration, upon exit from the thread for an object with
377
  thread storage duration, or upon exit from the program for an object
378
  with static storage duration.
379
 
380
- [^13]: Some implementations might define that copying an invalid pointer
381
  value causes a system-generated runtime fault.
382
 
383
- [^14]: The intent is to have `operator new()` implementable by calling
384
  `std::malloc()` or `std::calloc()`, so the rules are substantially
385
  the same. C++ differs from C in requiring a zero request to return a
386
  non-null pointer.
387
 
388
- [^15]: The global `operator delete(void*, std::size_t)` precludes use of
389
  an allocation function `void operator new(std::size_t, std::size_t)`
390
- as a placement allocation function ([[diff.cpp11.basic]]).
391
 
392
- [^16]: This subclause does not impose restrictions on indirection
393
- through pointers to memory not allocated by `::operator new`. This
394
- maintains the ability of many C++ implementations to use binary
395
- libraries and components written in other languages. In particular,
396
- this applies to C binaries, because indirection through pointers to
397
- memory allocated by `std::malloc` is not restricted.
398
-
399
- [^17]: The same rules apply to initialization of an `initializer_list`
400
  object [[dcl.init.list]] with its underlying temporary array.
401
 
402
- [^18]: By using, for example, the library functions [[headers]]
403
  `std::memcpy` or `std::memmove`.
404
 
405
- [^19]: By using, for example, the library functions [[headers]]
406
  `std::memcpy` or `std::memmove`.
407
 
408
- [^20]: The intent is that the memory model of C++ is compatible with
409
  that of ISO/IEC 9899 Programming Language C.
410
 
411
- [^21]: The size and layout of an instance of an incompletely-defined
412
  object type is unknown.
413
 
414
- [^22]: This is also known as two’s complement representation.
415
 
416
- [^23]: Static class members are objects or functions, and pointers to
417
  them are ordinary pointers to objects or functions.
418
 
419
- [^24]: For an object that is not within its lifetime, this is the first
420
  byte in memory that it will occupy or used to occupy.
421
 
422
- [^25]: The same representation and alignment requirements are meant to
423
  imply interchangeability as arguments to functions, return values
424
  from functions, and non-static data members of unions.
425
 
426
- [^26]: As specified in  [[class.temporary]], after a full-expression is
427
  evaluated, a sequence of zero or more invocations of destructor
428
  functions for temporary objects takes place, usually in reverse
429
  order of the construction of each temporary object.
430
 
431
- [^27]: In other words, function executions do not interleave with each
432
  other.
433
 
434
- [^28]: An object with automatic or thread storage duration [[basic.stc]]
435
  is associated with one specific thread, and can be accessed by a
436
  different thread only indirectly through a pointer or reference
437
  [[basic.compound]].
438
 
439
- [^29]: A non-local variable with static storage duration having
440
  initialization with side effects is initialized in this case, even
441
- if it is not itself odr-used ([[basic.def.odr]],
442
- [[basic.stc.static]]).
 
23
  storage duration is sequenced before that of another, the completion of
24
  the destructor of the second is sequenced before the initiation of the
25
  destructor of the first. If an object is initialized statically, the
26
  object is destroyed in the same order as if the object was dynamically
27
  initialized. For an object of array or class type, all subobjects of
28
+ that object are destroyed before any block variable with static storage
29
+ duration initialized during the construction of the subobjects is
30
+ destroyed. If the destruction of an object with static or thread storage
31
+ duration exits via an exception, the function `std::terminate` is called
32
+ [[except.terminate]].
33
 
34
+ If a function contains a block variable of static or thread storage
35
  duration that has been destroyed and the function is called during the
36
  destruction of an object with static or thread storage duration, the
37
  program has undefined behavior if the flow of control passes through the
38
+ definition of the previously destroyed block variable.
39
+
40
+ [*Note 2*: Likewise, the behavior is undefined if the block variable is
41
+ used indirectly (e.g., through a pointer) after its
42
+ destruction. — *end note*]
43
 
44
  If the completion of the initialization of an object with static storage
45
  duration strongly happens before a call to `std::atexit` (see
46
  `<cstdlib>`, [[support.start.term]]), the call to the function passed to
47
  `std::atexit` is sequenced before the call to the destructor for the
 
58
  within signal handlers [[support.runtime]] that does not happen before
59
  [[intro.multithread]] completion of destruction of objects with static
60
  storage duration and execution of `std::atexit` registered functions
61
  [[support.start.term]], the program has undefined behavior.
62
 
63
+ [*Note 3*: If there is a use of an object with static storage duration
64
  that does not happen before the object’s destruction, the program has
65
  undefined behavior. Terminating every thread before a call to
66
  `std::exit` or the exit from `main` is sufficient, but not necessary, to
67
  satisfy these requirements. These requirements permit thread managers as
68
  static-storage-duration objects. — *end note*]
 
70
  Calling the function `std::abort()` declared in `<cstdlib>` terminates
71
  the program without executing any destructors and without calling the
72
  functions passed to `std::atexit()` or `std::at_quick_exit()`.
73
 
74
  <!-- Link reference definitions -->
75
+ [allocator.members]: mem.md#allocator.members
76
+ [allocator.traits.members]: mem.md#allocator.traits.members
77
+ [atomics]: thread.md#atomics
78
+ [atomics.flag]: thread.md#atomics.flag
79
+ [atomics.lockfree]: thread.md#atomics.lockfree
80
+ [atomics.order]: thread.md#atomics.order
81
  [bad.alloc]: support.md#bad.alloc
82
  [basic]: #basic
83
  [basic.align]: #basic.align
84
  [basic.compound]: #basic.compound
85
  [basic.def]: #basic.def
86
  [basic.def.odr]: #basic.def.odr
87
  [basic.exec]: #basic.exec
88
+ [basic.extended.fp]: #basic.extended.fp
89
  [basic.fundamental]: #basic.fundamental
90
  [basic.fundamental.width]: #basic.fundamental.width
 
91
  [basic.indet]: #basic.indet
92
  [basic.life]: #basic.life
93
  [basic.link]: #basic.link
94
  [basic.lookup]: #basic.lookup
95
  [basic.lookup.argdep]: #basic.lookup.argdep
 
96
  [basic.lookup.elab]: #basic.lookup.elab
97
+ [basic.lookup.general]: #basic.lookup.general
98
  [basic.lookup.qual]: #basic.lookup.qual
99
+ [basic.lookup.qual.general]: #basic.lookup.qual.general
100
  [basic.lookup.udir]: #basic.lookup.udir
101
  [basic.lookup.unqual]: #basic.lookup.unqual
102
  [basic.lval]: expr.md#basic.lval
103
  [basic.memobj]: #basic.memobj
104
  [basic.namespace]: dcl.md#basic.namespace
105
  [basic.pre]: #basic.pre
106
  [basic.scope]: #basic.scope
107
  [basic.scope.block]: #basic.scope.block
108
  [basic.scope.class]: #basic.scope.class
 
109
  [basic.scope.enum]: #basic.scope.enum
110
+ [basic.scope.lambda]: #basic.scope.lambda
111
  [basic.scope.namespace]: #basic.scope.namespace
112
  [basic.scope.param]: #basic.scope.param
113
  [basic.scope.pdecl]: #basic.scope.pdecl
114
+ [basic.scope.scope]: #basic.scope.scope
115
  [basic.scope.temp]: #basic.scope.temp
116
  [basic.start]: #basic.start
117
  [basic.start.dynamic]: #basic.start.dynamic
118
  [basic.start.main]: #basic.start.main
119
  [basic.start.static]: #basic.start.static
 
121
  [basic.stc]: #basic.stc
122
  [basic.stc.auto]: #basic.stc.auto
123
  [basic.stc.dynamic]: #basic.stc.dynamic
124
  [basic.stc.dynamic.allocation]: #basic.stc.dynamic.allocation
125
  [basic.stc.dynamic.deallocation]: #basic.stc.dynamic.deallocation
126
+ [basic.stc.dynamic.general]: #basic.stc.dynamic.general
127
+ [basic.stc.general]: #basic.stc.general
128
  [basic.stc.inherit]: #basic.stc.inherit
129
  [basic.stc.static]: #basic.stc.static
130
  [basic.stc.thread]: #basic.stc.thread
131
  [basic.type.qualifier]: #basic.type.qualifier
132
  [basic.type.qualifier.rel]: #basic.type.qualifier.rel
133
  [basic.types]: #basic.types
134
+ [basic.types.general]: #basic.types.general
135
+ [bit.cast]: utilities.md#bit.cast
136
+ [c.malloc]: mem.md#c.malloc
137
  [class]: class.md#class
138
  [class.abstract]: class.md#class.abstract
139
  [class.access]: class.md#class.access
140
+ [class.access.base]: class.md#class.access.base
141
  [class.base.init]: class.md#class.base.init
142
  [class.bit]: class.md#class.bit
143
  [class.cdtor]: class.md#class.cdtor
144
  [class.conv.fct]: class.md#class.conv.fct
145
  [class.copy.assign]: class.md#class.copy.assign
 
148
  [class.default.ctor]: class.md#class.default.ctor
149
  [class.derived]: class.md#class.derived
150
  [class.dtor]: class.md#class.dtor
151
  [class.free]: class.md#class.free
152
  [class.friend]: class.md#class.friend
 
153
  [class.mem]: class.md#class.mem
154
+ [class.member.lookup]: #class.member.lookup
155
  [class.mfct]: class.md#class.mfct
156
+ [class.mfct.non.static]: class.md#class.mfct.non.static
157
  [class.name]: class.md#class.name
 
158
  [class.pre]: class.md#class.pre
159
  [class.prop]: class.md#class.prop
160
  [class.qual]: #class.qual
161
  [class.spaceship]: class.md#class.spaceship
162
  [class.static]: class.md#class.static
163
  [class.static.data]: class.md#class.static.data
164
  [class.temporary]: #class.temporary
 
165
  [class.union]: class.md#class.union
166
+ [class.union.anon]: class.md#class.union.anon
167
  [class.virtual]: class.md#class.virtual
168
  [conv]: expr.md#conv
169
  [conv.array]: expr.md#conv.array
170
  [conv.func]: expr.md#conv.func
171
  [conv.integral]: expr.md#conv.integral
 
193
  [dcl.fct.default]: dcl.md#dcl.fct.default
194
  [dcl.init]: dcl.md#dcl.init
195
  [dcl.init.aggr]: dcl.md#dcl.init.aggr
196
  [dcl.init.list]: dcl.md#dcl.init.list
197
  [dcl.init.ref]: dcl.md#dcl.init.ref
 
198
  [dcl.link]: dcl.md#dcl.link
199
  [dcl.meaning]: dcl.md#dcl.meaning
200
  [dcl.mptr]: dcl.md#dcl.mptr
201
  [dcl.name]: dcl.md#dcl.name
202
  [dcl.pre]: dcl.md#dcl.pre
 
204
  [dcl.ref]: dcl.md#dcl.ref
205
  [dcl.spec]: dcl.md#dcl.spec
206
  [dcl.spec.auto]: dcl.md#dcl.spec.auto
207
  [dcl.stc]: dcl.md#dcl.stc
208
  [dcl.struct.bind]: dcl.md#dcl.struct.bind
209
+ [dcl.type.decltype]: dcl.md#dcl.type.decltype
210
  [dcl.type.elab]: dcl.md#dcl.type.elab
211
  [dcl.typedef]: dcl.md#dcl.typedef
212
  [defns.block]: intro.md#defns.block
 
 
213
  [depr.local]: future.md#depr.local
214
  [depr.static.constexpr]: future.md#depr.static.constexpr
215
  [diff.cpp11.basic]: compatibility.md#diff.cpp11.basic
216
  [enum.udecl]: dcl.md#enum.udecl
217
  [except.handle]: except.md#except.handle
218
  [except.pre]: except.md#except.pre
219
  [except.spec]: except.md#except.spec
220
  [except.terminate]: except.md#except.terminate
221
  [except.throw]: except.md#except.throw
 
222
  [expr.add]: expr.md#expr.add
223
  [expr.alignof]: expr.md#expr.alignof
224
  [expr.arith.conv]: expr.md#expr.arith.conv
225
  [expr.ass]: expr.md#expr.ass
226
  [expr.await]: expr.md#expr.await
227
  [expr.call]: expr.md#expr.call
228
  [expr.cast]: expr.md#expr.cast
229
  [expr.comma]: expr.md#expr.comma
 
230
  [expr.cond]: expr.md#expr.cond
231
  [expr.const]: expr.md#expr.const
232
  [expr.const.cast]: expr.md#expr.const.cast
233
  [expr.context]: expr.md#expr.context
234
  [expr.delete]: expr.md#expr.delete
 
238
  [expr.log.or]: expr.md#expr.log.or
239
  [expr.mptr.oper]: expr.md#expr.mptr.oper
240
  [expr.new]: expr.md#expr.new
241
  [expr.pre]: expr.md#expr.pre
242
  [expr.prim.id]: expr.md#expr.prim.id
 
243
  [expr.prim.id.qual]: expr.md#expr.prim.id.qual
244
+ [expr.prim.id.unqual]: expr.md#expr.prim.id.unqual
245
  [expr.prim.lambda]: expr.md#expr.prim.lambda
246
  [expr.prim.lambda.capture]: expr.md#expr.prim.lambda.capture
247
  [expr.prim.lambda.closure]: expr.md#expr.prim.lambda.closure
248
  [expr.prim.this]: expr.md#expr.prim.this
249
  [expr.prop]: expr.md#expr.prop
 
259
  [get.new.handler]: support.md#get.new.handler
260
  [headers]: library.md#headers
261
  [intro.execution]: #intro.execution
262
  [intro.memory]: #intro.memory
263
  [intro.multithread]: #intro.multithread
264
+ [intro.multithread.general]: #intro.multithread.general
265
  [intro.object]: #intro.object
266
  [intro.progress]: #intro.progress
267
  [intro.races]: #intro.races
268
  [lex.charset]: lex.md#lex.charset
269
+ [lex.fcon]: lex.md#lex.fcon
270
  [lex.name]: lex.md#lex.name
271
  [lex.separate]: lex.md#lex.separate
 
 
272
  [module.context]: module.md#module.context
273
  [module.global.frag]: module.md#module.global.frag
 
274
  [module.interface]: module.md#module.interface
275
  [module.reach]: module.md#module.reach
276
  [module.unit]: module.md#module.unit
277
  [multibyte.strings]: library.md#multibyte.strings
278
  [namespace.def]: dcl.md#namespace.def
 
279
  [namespace.qual]: #namespace.qual
280
  [namespace.udecl]: dcl.md#namespace.udecl
281
  [namespace.udir]: dcl.md#namespace.udir
282
+ [namespace.unnamed]: dcl.md#namespace.unnamed
283
  [new.delete]: support.md#new.delete
284
  [new.delete.array]: support.md#new.delete.array
285
  [new.delete.placement]: support.md#new.delete.placement
286
  [new.delete.single]: support.md#new.delete.single
287
  [new.handler]: support.md#new.handler
288
+ [new.syn]: support.md#new.syn
289
+ [obj.lifetime]: mem.md#obj.lifetime
290
  [over]: over.md#over
291
  [over.literal]: over.md#over.literal
292
  [over.match]: over.md#over.match
293
+ [over.match.funcs]: over.md#over.match.funcs
294
  [over.oper]: over.md#over.oper
295
  [over.over]: over.md#over.over
296
+ [ptr.align]: mem.md#ptr.align
297
  [ptr.launder]: support.md#ptr.launder
298
  [replacement.functions]: library.md#replacement.functions
299
  [special]: class.md#special
300
+ [std.modules]: library.md#std.modules
301
+ [stdfloat.syn]: support.md#stdfloat.syn
302
  [stmt.block]: stmt.md#stmt.block
303
  [stmt.dcl]: stmt.md#stmt.dcl
304
  [stmt.expr]: stmt.md#stmt.expr
 
305
  [stmt.if]: stmt.md#stmt.if
306
+ [stmt.iter]: stmt.md#stmt.iter
307
+ [stmt.pre]: stmt.md#stmt.pre
308
  [stmt.ranged]: stmt.md#stmt.ranged
309
  [stmt.return]: stmt.md#stmt.return
310
+ [stmt.select]: stmt.md#stmt.select
311
  [support.dynamic]: support.md#support.dynamic
 
312
  [support.runtime]: support.md#support.runtime
313
  [support.start.term]: support.md#support.start.term
314
  [support.types]: support.md#support.types
315
+ [temp.concept]: temp.md#temp.concept
316
  [temp.deduct.guide]: temp.md#temp.deduct.guide
317
  [temp.dep]: temp.md#temp.dep
318
  [temp.dep.candidate]: temp.md#temp.dep.candidate
319
+ [temp.dep.constexpr]: temp.md#temp.dep.constexpr
320
+ [temp.dep.type]: temp.md#temp.dep.type
321
  [temp.expl.spec]: temp.md#temp.expl.spec
322
  [temp.explicit]: temp.md#temp.explicit
323
+ [temp.friend]: temp.md#temp.friend
324
  [temp.local]: temp.md#temp.local
325
  [temp.names]: temp.md#temp.names
 
326
  [temp.over]: temp.md#temp.over
327
+ [temp.over.link]: temp.md#temp.over.link
328
  [temp.param]: temp.md#temp.param
329
  [temp.point]: temp.md#temp.point
330
  [temp.pre]: temp.md#temp.pre
331
  [temp.res]: temp.md#temp.res
332
  [temp.spec]: temp.md#temp.spec
333
+ [temp.spec.partial]: temp.md#temp.spec.partial
334
  [temp.type]: temp.md#temp.type
335
+ [term.incomplete.type]: #term.incomplete.type
336
+ [term.odr.use]: #term.odr.use
337
+ [term.unevaluated.operand]: expr.md#term.unevaluated.operand
338
  [thread]: thread.md#thread
339
  [thread.jthread.class]: thread.md#thread.jthread.class
340
  [thread.thread.class]: thread.md#thread.thread.class
341
  [thread.threads]: thread.md#thread.threads
 
342
 
343
  [^1]: Appearing inside the brace-enclosed *declaration-seq* in a
344
  *linkage-specification* does not affect whether a declaration is a
345
  definition.
346
 
347
  [^2]: An implementation is not required to call allocation and
348
  deallocation functions from constructors or destructors; however,
349
  this is a permissible implementation technique.
350
 
351
+ [^3]: An implicit object parameter [[over.match.funcs]] is not part of
352
+ the parameter-type-list.
 
353
 
354
+ [^4]: Lookups in which function names are ignored include names
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
355
  appearing in a *nested-name-specifier*, an
356
  *elaborated-type-specifier*, or a *base-specifier*.
357
 
358
+ [^5]: Unicode® is a registered trademark of Unicode, Inc. This
359
+ information is given for the convenience of users of this document
360
+ and does not constitute an endorsement by ISO or IEC of this
361
+ product.
362
+
363
+ [^6]: The number of bits in a byte is reported by the macro `CHAR_BIT`
364
  in the header `<climits>`.
365
 
366
+ [^7]: Under the “as-if” rule an implementation is allowed to store two
367
  objects at the same machine address or not store an object at all if
368
  the program cannot observe the difference [[intro.execution]].
369
 
370
+ [^8]: For example, before the dynamic initialization of an object with
371
+ static storage duration [[basic.start.dynamic]].
372
 
373
+ [^9]: That is, an object for which a destructor will be called
374
  implicitly—upon exit from the block for an object with automatic
375
  storage duration, upon exit from the thread for an object with
376
  thread storage duration, or upon exit from the program for an object
377
  with static storage duration.
378
 
379
+ [^10]: Some implementations might define that copying an invalid pointer
380
  value causes a system-generated runtime fault.
381
 
382
+ [^11]: The intent is to have `operator new()` implementable by calling
383
  `std::malloc()` or `std::calloc()`, so the rules are substantially
384
  the same. C++ differs from C in requiring a zero request to return a
385
  non-null pointer.
386
 
387
+ [^12]: The global `operator delete(void*, std::size_t)` precludes use of
388
  an allocation function `void operator new(std::size_t, std::size_t)`
389
+ as a placement allocation function [[diff.cpp11.basic]].
390
 
391
+ [^13]: The same rules apply to initialization of an `initializer_list`
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
392
  object [[dcl.init.list]] with its underlying temporary array.
393
 
394
+ [^14]: By using, for example, the library functions [[headers]]
395
  `std::memcpy` or `std::memmove`.
396
 
397
+ [^15]: By using, for example, the library functions [[headers]]
398
  `std::memcpy` or `std::memmove`.
399
 
400
+ [^16]: The intent is that the memory model of C++ is compatible with
401
  that of ISO/IEC 9899 Programming Language C.
402
 
403
+ [^17]: The size and layout of an instance of an incompletely-defined
404
  object type is unknown.
405
 
406
+ [^18]: This is also known as two’s complement representation.
407
 
408
+ [^19]: Static class members are objects or functions, and pointers to
409
  them are ordinary pointers to objects or functions.
410
 
411
+ [^20]: For an object that is not within its lifetime, this is the first
412
  byte in memory that it will occupy or used to occupy.
413
 
414
+ [^21]: The same representation and alignment requirements are meant to
415
  imply interchangeability as arguments to functions, return values
416
  from functions, and non-static data members of unions.
417
 
418
+ [^22]: As specified in  [[class.temporary]], after a full-expression is
419
  evaluated, a sequence of zero or more invocations of destructor
420
  functions for temporary objects takes place, usually in reverse
421
  order of the construction of each temporary object.
422
 
423
+ [^23]: In other words, function executions do not interleave with each
424
  other.
425
 
426
+ [^24]: An object with automatic or thread storage duration [[basic.stc]]
427
  is associated with one specific thread, and can be accessed by a
428
  different thread only indirectly through a pointer or reference
429
  [[basic.compound]].
430
 
431
+ [^25]: A non-block variable with static storage duration having
432
  initialization with side effects is initialized in this case, even
433
+ if it is not itself odr-used [[term.odr.use]], [[basic.stc.static]].