[c.files] - C++20 → C++23

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tmp/tmpksmekbyl/{from.md → to.md} +132 -73

tmp/tmpksmekbyl/{from.md → to.md} RENAMED Viewed

@@ -90,19 +90,19 @@ See also: ISO C 7.21
 #include <cstdint>  // see [cstdint.syn]
 namespace std {
   using imaxdiv_t = see below;
-  intmax_t imaxabs(intmax_t j);
-  imaxdiv_t imaxdiv(intmax_t numer, intmax_t denom);
   intmax_t strtoimax(const char* nptr, char** endptr, int base);
   uintmax_t strtoumax(const char* nptr, char** endptr, int base);
   intmax_t wcstoimax(const wchar_t* nptr, wchar_t** endptr, int base);
   uintmax_t wcstoumax(const wchar_t* nptr, wchar_t** endptr, int base);
-  intmax_t abs(intmax_t); // optional, see below
-  imaxdiv_t div(intmax_t, intmax_t); // optional, see below
 }
 #define PRIdN see below
 #define PRIiN see below
 #define PRIoN see below
@@ -163,73 +163,97 @@ namespace std {
 The contents and meaning of the header `<cinttypes>` are the same as the
 C standard library header `<inttypes.h>`, with the following changes:
 - The header `<cinttypes>` includes the header `<cstdint>` instead of
   `<stdint.h>`, and
 - if and only if the type `intmax_t` designates an extended integer type
   [[basic.fundamental]], the following function signatures are added:
   ``` cpp
-  intmax_t abs(intmax_t);
-  imaxdiv_t div(intmax_t, intmax_t);
   ```
   which shall have the same semantics as the function signatures
-  `intmax_t imaxabs(intmax_t)` and
-  `imaxdiv_t imaxdiv(intmax_t, intmax_t)`, respectively.
 See also: ISO C 7.8
 <!-- Link reference definitions -->
 [adjustfield.manip]: #adjustfield.manip
 [basefield.manip]: #basefield.manip
 [basic.fundamental]: basic.md#basic.fundamental
 [basic.ios.cons]: #basic.ios.cons
 [basic.ios.copyfmt]: #basic.ios.copyfmt
 [basic.ios.members]: #basic.ios.members
 [basic.start.main]: basic.md#basic.start.main
 [bidirectional.iterators]: iterators.md#bidirectional.iterators
 [bitmask.types]: library.md#bitmask.types
 [c.files]: #c.files
 [char.traits]: strings.md#char.traits
 [cinttypes.syn]: #cinttypes.syn
 [container.requirements.general]: containers.md#container.requirements.general
-[cpp17.allocator]: #cpp17.allocator
 [cpp17.copyassignable]: #cpp17.copyassignable
 [cpp17.copyconstructible]: #cpp17.copyconstructible
 [cpp17.defaultconstructible]: #cpp17.defaultconstructible
 [cpp17.destructible]: #cpp17.destructible
 [cpp17.equalitycomparable]: #cpp17.equalitycomparable
 [cstdio.syn]: #cstdio.syn
-[defns.ntcts]: library.md#defns.ntcts
 [enumerated.types]: library.md#enumerated.types
 [error.reporting]: #error.reporting
 [ext.manip]: #ext.manip
 [file.streams]: #file.streams
 [filebuf]: #filebuf
 [filebuf.assign]: #filebuf.assign
 [filebuf.cons]: #filebuf.cons
 [filebuf.members]: #filebuf.members
 [filebuf.open.modes]: #filebuf.open.modes
 [filebuf.seekoff]: #filebuf.seekoff
 [filebuf.virtuals]: #filebuf.virtuals
 [filesystems]: #filesystems
 [floatfield.manip]: #floatfield.manip
 [fmtflags.manip]: #fmtflags.manip
 [fmtflags.state]: #fmtflags.state
 [fpos]: #fpos
 [fpos.members]: #fpos.members
 [fpos.operations]: #fpos.operations
 [fs.class.directory.entry]: #fs.class.directory.entry
 [fs.class.directory.iterator]: #fs.class.directory.iterator
 [fs.class.file.status]: #fs.class.file.status
 [fs.class.filesystem.error]: #fs.class.filesystem.error
 [fs.class.path]: #fs.class.path
 [fs.class.rec.dir.itr]: #fs.class.rec.dir.itr
 [fs.conform.9945]: #fs.conform.9945
 [fs.conform.os]: #fs.conform.os
 [fs.conformance]: #fs.conformance
 [fs.dir.entry.cons]: #fs.dir.entry.cons
 [fs.dir.entry.mods]: #fs.dir.entry.mods
 [fs.dir.entry.obs]: #fs.dir.entry.obs
 [fs.dir.itr.members]: #fs.dir.itr.members
 [fs.dir.itr.nonmembers]: #fs.dir.itr.nonmembers
 [fs.enum]: #fs.enum
@@ -244,11 +268,10 @@ See also: ISO C 7.8
 [fs.file.status.mods]: #fs.file.status.mods
 [fs.file.status.obs]: #fs.file.status.obs
 [fs.filesystem.error.members]: #fs.filesystem.error.members
 [fs.filesystem.syn]: #fs.filesystem.syn
 [fs.general]: #fs.general
-[fs.norm.ref]: #fs.norm.ref
 [fs.op.absolute]: #fs.op.absolute
 [fs.op.canonical]: #fs.op.canonical
 [fs.op.copy]: #fs.op.copy
 [fs.op.copy.file]: #fs.op.copy.file
 [fs.op.copy.symlink]: #fs.op.copy.symlink
@@ -260,10 +283,11 @@ See also: ISO C 7.8
 [fs.op.current.path]: #fs.op.current.path
 [fs.op.equivalent]: #fs.op.equivalent
 [fs.op.exists]: #fs.op.exists
 [fs.op.file.size]: #fs.op.file.size
 [fs.op.funcs]: #fs.op.funcs
 [fs.op.hard.lk.ct]: #fs.op.hard.lk.ct
 [fs.op.is.block.file]: #fs.op.is.block.file
 [fs.op.is.char.file]: #fs.op.is.char.file
 [fs.op.is.directory]: #fs.op.is.directory
 [fs.op.is.empty]: #fs.op.is.empty
@@ -296,10 +320,11 @@ See also: ISO C 7.8
 [fs.path.decompose]: #fs.path.decompose
 [fs.path.fmt.cvt]: #fs.path.fmt.cvt
 [fs.path.gen]: #fs.path.gen
 [fs.path.generic]: #fs.path.generic
 [fs.path.generic.obs]: #fs.path.generic.obs
 [fs.path.io]: #fs.path.io
 [fs.path.itr]: #fs.path.itr
 [fs.path.member]: #fs.path.member
 [fs.path.modifiers]: #fs.path.modifiers
 [fs.path.native.obs]: #fs.path.native.obs
@@ -309,31 +334,34 @@ See also: ISO C 7.8
 [fs.path.type.cvt]: #fs.path.type.cvt
 [fs.race.behavior]: #fs.race.behavior
 [fs.rec.dir.itr.members]: #fs.rec.dir.itr.members
 [fs.rec.dir.itr.nonmembers]: #fs.rec.dir.itr.nonmembers
 [fs.req]: #fs.req
-[fs.req.namespace]: #fs.req.namespace
 [fstream]: #fstream
-[fstream.assign]: #fstream.assign
 [fstream.cons]: #fstream.cons
 [fstream.members]: #fstream.members
 [fstream.syn]: #fstream.syn
 [ifstream]: #ifstream
-[ifstream.assign]: #ifstream.assign
 [ifstream.cons]: #ifstream.cons
 [ifstream.members]: #ifstream.members
 [input.iterators]: iterators.md#input.iterators
 [input.output]: #input.output
 [input.output.general]: #input.output.general
 [input.streams]: #input.streams
 [intro.multithread]: basic.md#intro.multithread
 [intro.races]: basic.md#intro.races
 [iomanip.syn]: #iomanip.syn
 [ios]: #ios
 [ios.base]: #ios.base
 [ios.base.callback]: #ios.base.callback
 [ios.base.cons]: #ios.base.cons
 [ios.base.locales]: #ios.base.locales
 [ios.base.storage]: #ios.base.storage
 [ios.failure]: #ios.failure
 [ios.fmtflags]: #ios.fmtflags
 [ios.fmtflags.const]: #ios.fmtflags.const
@@ -356,72 +384,108 @@ See also: ISO C 7.8
 [iostream.limits.imbue]: #iostream.limits.imbue
 [iostream.objects]: #iostream.objects
 [iostream.objects.overview]: #iostream.objects.overview
 [iostream.syn]: #iostream.syn
 [iostreamclass]: #iostreamclass
 [iostreams.base]: #iostreams.base
 [iostreams.limits.pos]: #iostreams.limits.pos
 [iostreams.requirements]: #iostreams.requirements
 [iostreams.summary]: #iostreams.summary
 [iostreams.threadsafety]: #iostreams.threadsafety
 [istream]: #istream
 [istream.assign]: #istream.assign
 [istream.cons]: #istream.cons
 [istream.extractors]: #istream.extractors
 [istream.formatted]: #istream.formatted
 [istream.formatted.arithmetic]: #istream.formatted.arithmetic
 [istream.formatted.reqmts]: #istream.formatted.reqmts
 [istream.manip]: #istream.manip
 [istream.rvalue]: #istream.rvalue
 [istream.sentry]: #istream.sentry
 [istream.syn]: #istream.syn
 [istream.unformatted]: #istream.unformatted
 [istringstream]: #istringstream
-[istringstream.assign]: #istringstream.assign
 [istringstream.cons]: #istringstream.cons
 [istringstream.members]: #istringstream.members
 [lex.charset]: lex.md#lex.charset
 [locale.codecvt.virtuals]: localization.md#locale.codecvt.virtuals
 [locale.num.get]: localization.md#locale.num.get
 [namespace.std]: library.md#namespace.std
 [narrow.stream.objects]: #narrow.stream.objects
 [numeric.limits]: support.md#numeric.limits
 [ofstream]: #ofstream
-[ofstream.assign]: #ofstream.assign
 [ofstream.cons]: #ofstream.cons
 [ofstream.members]: #ofstream.members
 [ostream]: #ostream
 [ostream.assign]: #ostream.assign
 [ostream.cons]: #ostream.cons
 [ostream.formatted]: #ostream.formatted
 [ostream.formatted.reqmts]: #ostream.formatted.reqmts
 [ostream.inserters]: #ostream.inserters
 [ostream.inserters.arithmetic]: #ostream.inserters.arithmetic
 [ostream.inserters.character]: #ostream.inserters.character
 [ostream.manip]: #ostream.manip
 [ostream.rvalue]: #ostream.rvalue
 [ostream.seeks]: #ostream.seeks
 [ostream.sentry]: #ostream.sentry
 [ostream.syn]: #ostream.syn
 [ostream.unformatted]: #ostream.unformatted
 [ostringstream]: #ostringstream
-[ostringstream.assign]: #ostringstream.assign
 [ostringstream.cons]: #ostringstream.cons
 [ostringstream.members]: #ostringstream.members
 [output.streams]: #output.streams
 [quoted.manip]: #quoted.manip
 [res.on.data.races]: library.md#res.on.data.races
 [res.on.exception.handling]: library.md#res.on.exception.handling
 [sstream.syn]: #sstream.syn
 [std.ios.manip]: #std.ios.manip
 [std.manip]: #std.manip
 [stream.buffers]: #stream.buffers
 [stream.types]: #stream.types
 [streambuf]: #streambuf
 [streambuf.assign]: #streambuf.assign
 [streambuf.buffer]: #streambuf.buffer
 [streambuf.cons]: #streambuf.cons
 [streambuf.get.area]: #streambuf.get.area
 [streambuf.locales]: #streambuf.locales
 [streambuf.members]: #streambuf.members
 [streambuf.protected]: #streambuf.protected
 [streambuf.pub.get]: #streambuf.pub.get
@@ -439,19 +503,21 @@ See also: ISO C 7.8
 [string.classes]: strings.md#string.classes
 [string.streams]: #string.streams
 [stringbuf]: #stringbuf
 [stringbuf.assign]: #stringbuf.assign
 [stringbuf.cons]: #stringbuf.cons
 [stringbuf.members]: #stringbuf.members
 [stringbuf.seekoff.newoff]: #stringbuf.seekoff.newoff
 [stringbuf.seekoff.pos]: #stringbuf.seekoff.pos
 [stringbuf.virtuals]: #stringbuf.virtuals
 [strings]: strings.md#strings
 [stringstream]: #stringstream
-[stringstream.assign]: #stringstream.assign
 [stringstream.cons]: #stringstream.cons
 [stringstream.members]: #stringstream.members
 [syncstream]: #syncstream
 [syncstream.osyncstream]: #syncstream.osyncstream
 [syncstream.osyncstream.cons]: #syncstream.osyncstream.cons
 [syncstream.osyncstream.members]: #syncstream.osyncstream.members
 [syncstream.osyncstream.overview]: #syncstream.osyncstream.overview
@@ -462,71 +528,73 @@ See also: ISO C 7.8
 [syncstream.syncbuf.members]: #syncstream.syncbuf.members
 [syncstream.syncbuf.overview]: #syncstream.syncbuf.overview
 [syncstream.syncbuf.special]: #syncstream.syncbuf.special
 [syncstream.syncbuf.virtuals]: #syncstream.syncbuf.virtuals
 [temp.deduct]: temp.md#temp.deduct
 [wide.stream.objects]: #wide.stream.objects
-[^1]: It is the implementation’s responsibility to implement headers so
     that including `<iosfwd>` and other headers does not violate the
     rules about multiple occurrences of default arguments.
-[^2]: If it is possible for them to do so, implementations should
-    initialize the objects earlier than required.
-[^3]: Constructors and destructors for objects with static storage
     duration can access these objects to read input from `stdin` or
     write output to `stdout` or `stderr`.
-[^4]: Typically `long long`.
-[^5]: `streamsize` is used in most places where ISO C would use
-    `size_t`.
-[^6]: This implies that operations on a standard iostream object can be
     mixed arbitrarily with operations on the corresponding stdio stream.
     In practical terms, synchronization usually means that a standard
     iostream object and a standard stdio object share a buffer.
-[^7]: An implementation is free to implement both the integer array
     pointed at by `iarray` and the pointer array pointed at by `parray`
     as sparse data structures, possibly with a one-element cache for
     each.
 [^8]: For example, because it cannot allocate space.
-[^9]: For example, because it cannot allocate space.
-[^10]: This suggests an infinite amount of copying, but the
     implementation can keep track of the maximum element of the arrays
     that is nonzero.
-[^11]: Checking `badbit` also for `fail()` is historical practice.
-[^12]: The function signature `dec(ios_base&)` can be called by the
     function signature
     `basic_ostream& stream::operator<<(ios_base& (*)(ios_base&))` to
     permit expressions of the form `cout << dec` to change the format
     flags stored in `cout`.
-[^13]: The default constructor is protected for class `basic_streambuf`
-    to assure that only objects for classes derived from this class may
     be constructed.
-[^14]: `underflow` or `uflow` might fail by throwing an exception
     prematurely. The intention is not only that the calls will not
     return `eof()` but that they will return “immediately”.
 [^15]: Classes derived from `basic_streambuf` can provide more efficient
     ways to implement `xsgetn()` and `xsputn()` by overriding these
     definitions from the base class.
-[^16]: That is, for each class derived from an instance of
-    `basic_streambuf` in this Clause ([[stringbuf]],
- [[filebuf]]), a specification of how consuming a character
- effects the associated output sequence is given. There is no
- requirement on a program-defined class.
 [^17]: Typically, `overflow` returns `c` to indicate success, except
     when `traits::eq_int_type(c, traits::eof())` returns `true`, in
     which case it returns `traits::not_eof(c)`.
@@ -535,76 +603,67 @@ See also: ISO C 7.8
     specified.
 [^19]: The `sentry` constructor and destructor can also perform
     additional implementation-dependent operations.
-[^20]: This is done without causing an `ios_base::failure` to be thrown.
-[^21]: See, for example, the function signature
     `ws(basic_istream&)`[[istream.manip]].
-[^22]: See, for example, the function signature
     `dec(ios_base&)`[[basefield.manip]].
-[^23]: This is done without causing an `ios_base::failure` to be thrown.
 [^24]: Note that this function is not overloaded on types `signed char`
     and `unsigned char`.
-[^25]: Note that this function is not overloaded on types `signed char`
-    and `unsigned char`.
-[^26]: Note that this function is not overloaded on types `signed char`
-    and `unsigned char`.
-[^27]: Since the final input character is “extracted”, it is counted in
     the `gcount()`, even though it is not stored.
-[^28]: This allows an input line which exactly fills the buffer, without
     setting `failbit`. This is different behavior than the historical
     AT&T implementation.
-[^29]: This implies an empty input line will not cause `failbit` to be
     set.
-[^30]: Note that this function is not overloaded on types `signed char`
     and `unsigned char`.
-[^31]: The call `os.tie()->flush()` does not necessarily occur if the
     function can determine that no synchronization is necessary.
-[^32]: The `sentry` constructor and destructor can also perform
     additional implementation-dependent operations.
-[^33]: without causing an `ios_base::failure` to be thrown.
-[^34]: See, for example, the function signature
     `endl(basic_ostream&)`[[ostream.manip]].
-[^35]: See, for example, the function signature
     `dec(ios_base&)`[[basefield.manip]].
-[^36]: without causing an `ios_base::failure` to be thrown.
-[^37]: Note that this function is not overloaded on types `signed char`
     and `unsigned char`.
-[^38]: Note that this function is not overloaded on types `signed char`
     and `unsigned char`.
-[^39]: The expression `cin >> resetiosflags(ios_base::skipws)` clears
     `ios_base::skipws` in the format flags stored in the
     `basic_istream<charT, traits>` object `cin` (the same as
     `cin >> noskipws`), and the expression
     `cout << resetiosflags(ios_base::showbase)` clears
     `ios_base::showbase` in the format flags stored in the
     `basic_ostream<charT, traits>` object `cout` (the same as
     `cout << noshowbase`).
-[^40]: The macro `SEEK_END` is defined, and the function signatures
     `fopen(const char*, const char*)` and `fseek(FILE*, long, int)` are
     declared, in `<cstdio>`.
-[^41]: POSIX® is a registered trademark of The IEEE. Windows® is a
-    registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation. This information is
-    given for the convenience of users of this document and does not
-    constitute an endorsement by ISO or IEC of these products.

 #include <cstdint>  // see [cstdint.syn]
 namespace std {
   using imaxdiv_t = see below;
+ constexpr intmax_t imaxabs(intmax_t j);
+ constexpr imaxdiv_t imaxdiv(intmax_t numer, intmax_t denom);
   intmax_t strtoimax(const char* nptr, char** endptr, int base);
   uintmax_t strtoumax(const char* nptr, char** endptr, int base);
   intmax_t wcstoimax(const wchar_t* nptr, wchar_t** endptr, int base);
   uintmax_t wcstoumax(const wchar_t* nptr, wchar_t** endptr, int base);
+ constexpr intmax_t abs(intmax_t); // optional, see below
+ constexpr imaxdiv_t div(intmax_t, intmax_t); // optional, see below
 }
 #define PRIdN see below
 #define PRIiN see below
 #define PRIoN see below
 The contents and meaning of the header `<cinttypes>` are the same as the
 C standard library header `<inttypes.h>`, with the following changes:
 - The header `<cinttypes>` includes the header `<cstdint>` instead of
   `<stdint.h>`, and
+- `intmax_t` and `uintmax_t` are not required to be able to represent
+  all values of extended integer types wider than `long long` and
+  `unsigned long long`, respectively, and
 - if and only if the type `intmax_t` designates an extended integer type
   [[basic.fundamental]], the following function signatures are added:
   ``` cpp
+ constexpr intmax_t abs(intmax_t);
+ constexpr imaxdiv_t div(intmax_t, intmax_t);
   ```
   which shall have the same semantics as the function signatures
+  `constexpr intmax_t imaxabs(intmax_t)` and
+  `constexpr imaxdiv_t imaxdiv(intmax_t, intmax_t)`, respectively.
 See also: ISO C 7.8
+Each of the `PRI` macros listed in this subclause is defined if and only
+if the implementation defines the corresponding *typedef-name* in
+[[cstdint.syn]]. Each of the `SCN` macros listed in this subclause is
+defined if and only if the implementation defines the corresponding
+*typedef-name* in  [[cstdint.syn]] and has a suitable `fscanf` length
+modifier for the type.
 <!-- Link reference definitions -->
 [adjustfield.manip]: #adjustfield.manip
+[allocator.requirements.general]: library.md#allocator.requirements.general
 [basefield.manip]: #basefield.manip
 [basic.fundamental]: basic.md#basic.fundamental
 [basic.ios.cons]: #basic.ios.cons
 [basic.ios.copyfmt]: #basic.ios.copyfmt
 [basic.ios.members]: #basic.ios.members
+[basic.start.dynamic]: basic.md#basic.start.dynamic
 [basic.start.main]: basic.md#basic.start.main
 [bidirectional.iterators]: iterators.md#bidirectional.iterators
 [bitmask.types]: library.md#bitmask.types
 [c.files]: #c.files
 [char.traits]: strings.md#char.traits
+[char.traits.specializations]: strings.md#char.traits.specializations
+[character.seq]: library.md#character.seq
 [cinttypes.syn]: #cinttypes.syn
 [container.requirements.general]: containers.md#container.requirements.general
 [cpp17.copyassignable]: #cpp17.copyassignable
 [cpp17.copyconstructible]: #cpp17.copyconstructible
 [cpp17.defaultconstructible]: #cpp17.defaultconstructible
 [cpp17.destructible]: #cpp17.destructible
 [cpp17.equalitycomparable]: #cpp17.equalitycomparable
+[cstdint.syn]: support.md#cstdint.syn
 [cstdio.syn]: #cstdio.syn
+[defns.ntcts]: intro.md#defns.ntcts
 [enumerated.types]: library.md#enumerated.types
 [error.reporting]: #error.reporting
 [ext.manip]: #ext.manip
 [file.streams]: #file.streams
 [filebuf]: #filebuf
 [filebuf.assign]: #filebuf.assign
 [filebuf.cons]: #filebuf.cons
+[filebuf.general]: #filebuf.general
 [filebuf.members]: #filebuf.members
 [filebuf.open.modes]: #filebuf.open.modes
 [filebuf.seekoff]: #filebuf.seekoff
 [filebuf.virtuals]: #filebuf.virtuals
 [filesystems]: #filesystems
 [floatfield.manip]: #floatfield.manip
 [fmtflags.manip]: #fmtflags.manip
 [fmtflags.state]: #fmtflags.state
+[format.err.report]: utilities.md#format.err.report
 [fpos]: #fpos
 [fpos.members]: #fpos.members
 [fpos.operations]: #fpos.operations
 [fs.class.directory.entry]: #fs.class.directory.entry
+[fs.class.directory.entry.general]: #fs.class.directory.entry.general
 [fs.class.directory.iterator]: #fs.class.directory.iterator
+[fs.class.directory.iterator.general]: #fs.class.directory.iterator.general
 [fs.class.file.status]: #fs.class.file.status
+[fs.class.file.status.general]: #fs.class.file.status.general
 [fs.class.filesystem.error]: #fs.class.filesystem.error
+[fs.class.filesystem.error.general]: #fs.class.filesystem.error.general
 [fs.class.path]: #fs.class.path
+[fs.class.path.general]: #fs.class.path.general
 [fs.class.rec.dir.itr]: #fs.class.rec.dir.itr
+[fs.class.rec.dir.itr.general]: #fs.class.rec.dir.itr.general
 [fs.conform.9945]: #fs.conform.9945
 [fs.conform.os]: #fs.conform.os
 [fs.conformance]: #fs.conformance
+[fs.conformance.general]: #fs.conformance.general
 [fs.dir.entry.cons]: #fs.dir.entry.cons
+[fs.dir.entry.io]: #fs.dir.entry.io
 [fs.dir.entry.mods]: #fs.dir.entry.mods
 [fs.dir.entry.obs]: #fs.dir.entry.obs
 [fs.dir.itr.members]: #fs.dir.itr.members
 [fs.dir.itr.nonmembers]: #fs.dir.itr.nonmembers
 [fs.enum]: #fs.enum
 [fs.file.status.mods]: #fs.file.status.mods
 [fs.file.status.obs]: #fs.file.status.obs
 [fs.filesystem.error.members]: #fs.filesystem.error.members
 [fs.filesystem.syn]: #fs.filesystem.syn
 [fs.general]: #fs.general
 [fs.op.absolute]: #fs.op.absolute
 [fs.op.canonical]: #fs.op.canonical
 [fs.op.copy]: #fs.op.copy
 [fs.op.copy.file]: #fs.op.copy.file
 [fs.op.copy.symlink]: #fs.op.copy.symlink
 [fs.op.current.path]: #fs.op.current.path
 [fs.op.equivalent]: #fs.op.equivalent
 [fs.op.exists]: #fs.op.exists
 [fs.op.file.size]: #fs.op.file.size
 [fs.op.funcs]: #fs.op.funcs
+[fs.op.funcs.general]: #fs.op.funcs.general
 [fs.op.hard.lk.ct]: #fs.op.hard.lk.ct
 [fs.op.is.block.file]: #fs.op.is.block.file
 [fs.op.is.char.file]: #fs.op.is.char.file
 [fs.op.is.directory]: #fs.op.is.directory
 [fs.op.is.empty]: #fs.op.is.empty
 [fs.path.decompose]: #fs.path.decompose
 [fs.path.fmt.cvt]: #fs.path.fmt.cvt
 [fs.path.gen]: #fs.path.gen
 [fs.path.generic]: #fs.path.generic
 [fs.path.generic.obs]: #fs.path.generic.obs
+[fs.path.hash]: #fs.path.hash
 [fs.path.io]: #fs.path.io
 [fs.path.itr]: #fs.path.itr
 [fs.path.member]: #fs.path.member
 [fs.path.modifiers]: #fs.path.modifiers
 [fs.path.native.obs]: #fs.path.native.obs
 [fs.path.type.cvt]: #fs.path.type.cvt
 [fs.race.behavior]: #fs.race.behavior
 [fs.rec.dir.itr.members]: #fs.rec.dir.itr.members
 [fs.rec.dir.itr.nonmembers]: #fs.rec.dir.itr.nonmembers
 [fs.req]: #fs.req
 [fstream]: #fstream
 [fstream.cons]: #fstream.cons
+[fstream.general]: #fstream.general
 [fstream.members]: #fstream.members
+[fstream.swap]: #fstream.swap
 [fstream.syn]: #fstream.syn
 [ifstream]: #ifstream
 [ifstream.cons]: #ifstream.cons
+[ifstream.general]: #ifstream.general
 [ifstream.members]: #ifstream.members
+[ifstream.swap]: #ifstream.swap
 [input.iterators]: iterators.md#input.iterators
 [input.output]: #input.output
 [input.output.general]: #input.output.general
 [input.streams]: #input.streams
+[input.streams.general]: #input.streams.general
 [intro.multithread]: basic.md#intro.multithread
 [intro.races]: basic.md#intro.races
 [iomanip.syn]: #iomanip.syn
 [ios]: #ios
 [ios.base]: #ios.base
 [ios.base.callback]: #ios.base.callback
 [ios.base.cons]: #ios.base.cons
+[ios.base.general]: #ios.base.general
 [ios.base.locales]: #ios.base.locales
 [ios.base.storage]: #ios.base.storage
 [ios.failure]: #ios.failure
 [ios.fmtflags]: #ios.fmtflags
 [ios.fmtflags.const]: #ios.fmtflags.const
 [iostream.limits.imbue]: #iostream.limits.imbue
 [iostream.objects]: #iostream.objects
 [iostream.objects.overview]: #iostream.objects.overview
 [iostream.syn]: #iostream.syn
 [iostreamclass]: #iostreamclass
+[iostreamclass.general]: #iostreamclass.general
 [iostreams.base]: #iostreams.base
 [iostreams.limits.pos]: #iostreams.limits.pos
 [iostreams.requirements]: #iostreams.requirements
 [iostreams.summary]: #iostreams.summary
 [iostreams.threadsafety]: #iostreams.threadsafety
+[ispanstream]: #ispanstream
+[ispanstream.cons]: #ispanstream.cons
+[ispanstream.general]: #ispanstream.general
+[ispanstream.members]: #ispanstream.members
+[ispanstream.swap]: #ispanstream.swap
 [istream]: #istream
 [istream.assign]: #istream.assign
 [istream.cons]: #istream.cons
 [istream.extractors]: #istream.extractors
 [istream.formatted]: #istream.formatted
 [istream.formatted.arithmetic]: #istream.formatted.arithmetic
 [istream.formatted.reqmts]: #istream.formatted.reqmts
+[istream.general]: #istream.general
 [istream.manip]: #istream.manip
 [istream.rvalue]: #istream.rvalue
 [istream.sentry]: #istream.sentry
 [istream.syn]: #istream.syn
 [istream.unformatted]: #istream.unformatted
 [istringstream]: #istringstream
 [istringstream.cons]: #istringstream.cons
+[istringstream.general]: #istringstream.general
 [istringstream.members]: #istringstream.members
+[istringstream.swap]: #istringstream.swap
 [lex.charset]: lex.md#lex.charset
 [locale.codecvt.virtuals]: localization.md#locale.codecvt.virtuals
 [locale.num.get]: localization.md#locale.num.get
 [namespace.std]: library.md#namespace.std
 [narrow.stream.objects]: #narrow.stream.objects
 [numeric.limits]: support.md#numeric.limits
 [ofstream]: #ofstream
 [ofstream.cons]: #ofstream.cons
+[ofstream.general]: #ofstream.general
 [ofstream.members]: #ofstream.members
+[ofstream.swap]: #ofstream.swap
+[ospanstream]: #ospanstream
+[ospanstream.cons]: #ospanstream.cons
+[ospanstream.general]: #ospanstream.general
+[ospanstream.members]: #ospanstream.members
+[ospanstream.swap]: #ospanstream.swap
 [ostream]: #ostream
 [ostream.assign]: #ostream.assign
 [ostream.cons]: #ostream.cons
 [ostream.formatted]: #ostream.formatted
+[ostream.formatted.print]: #ostream.formatted.print
 [ostream.formatted.reqmts]: #ostream.formatted.reqmts
+[ostream.general]: #ostream.general
 [ostream.inserters]: #ostream.inserters
 [ostream.inserters.arithmetic]: #ostream.inserters.arithmetic
 [ostream.inserters.character]: #ostream.inserters.character
 [ostream.manip]: #ostream.manip
 [ostream.rvalue]: #ostream.rvalue
 [ostream.seeks]: #ostream.seeks
 [ostream.sentry]: #ostream.sentry
 [ostream.syn]: #ostream.syn
 [ostream.unformatted]: #ostream.unformatted
 [ostringstream]: #ostringstream
 [ostringstream.cons]: #ostringstream.cons
+[ostringstream.general]: #ostringstream.general
 [ostringstream.members]: #ostringstream.members
+[ostringstream.swap]: #ostringstream.swap
 [output.streams]: #output.streams
+[output.streams.general]: #output.streams.general
+[print.fun]: #print.fun
+[print.syn]: #print.syn
 [quoted.manip]: #quoted.manip
 [res.on.data.races]: library.md#res.on.data.races
 [res.on.exception.handling]: library.md#res.on.exception.handling
+[span.streams]: #span.streams
+[span.streams.overview]: #span.streams.overview
+[spanbuf]: #spanbuf
+[spanbuf.assign]: #spanbuf.assign
+[spanbuf.cons]: #spanbuf.cons
+[spanbuf.general]: #spanbuf.general
+[spanbuf.members]: #spanbuf.members
+[spanbuf.virtuals]: #spanbuf.virtuals
+[spanstream]: #spanstream
+[spanstream.cons]: #spanstream.cons
+[spanstream.general]: #spanstream.general
+[spanstream.members]: #spanstream.members
+[spanstream.swap]: #spanstream.swap
+[spanstream.syn]: #spanstream.syn
 [sstream.syn]: #sstream.syn
 [std.ios.manip]: #std.ios.manip
 [std.manip]: #std.manip
+[std.modules]: library.md#std.modules
 [stream.buffers]: #stream.buffers
 [stream.types]: #stream.types
 [streambuf]: #streambuf
 [streambuf.assign]: #streambuf.assign
 [streambuf.buffer]: #streambuf.buffer
 [streambuf.cons]: #streambuf.cons
+[streambuf.general]: #streambuf.general
 [streambuf.get.area]: #streambuf.get.area
 [streambuf.locales]: #streambuf.locales
 [streambuf.members]: #streambuf.members
 [streambuf.protected]: #streambuf.protected
 [streambuf.pub.get]: #streambuf.pub.get
 [string.classes]: strings.md#string.classes
 [string.streams]: #string.streams
 [stringbuf]: #stringbuf
 [stringbuf.assign]: #stringbuf.assign
 [stringbuf.cons]: #stringbuf.cons
+[stringbuf.general]: #stringbuf.general
 [stringbuf.members]: #stringbuf.members
 [stringbuf.seekoff.newoff]: #stringbuf.seekoff.newoff
 [stringbuf.seekoff.pos]: #stringbuf.seekoff.pos
 [stringbuf.virtuals]: #stringbuf.virtuals
 [strings]: strings.md#strings
 [stringstream]: #stringstream
 [stringstream.cons]: #stringstream.cons
+[stringstream.general]: #stringstream.general
 [stringstream.members]: #stringstream.members
+[stringstream.swap]: #stringstream.swap
 [syncstream]: #syncstream
 [syncstream.osyncstream]: #syncstream.osyncstream
 [syncstream.osyncstream.cons]: #syncstream.osyncstream.cons
 [syncstream.osyncstream.members]: #syncstream.osyncstream.members
 [syncstream.osyncstream.overview]: #syncstream.osyncstream.overview
 [syncstream.syncbuf.members]: #syncstream.syncbuf.members
 [syncstream.syncbuf.overview]: #syncstream.syncbuf.overview
 [syncstream.syncbuf.special]: #syncstream.syncbuf.special
 [syncstream.syncbuf.virtuals]: #syncstream.syncbuf.virtuals
 [temp.deduct]: temp.md#temp.deduct
+[term.unevaluated.operand]: expr.md#term.unevaluated.operand
+[views.span]: containers.md#views.span
 [wide.stream.objects]: #wide.stream.objects
+[^1]: Typically `long long`.
+[^2]: Most places where `streamsize` is used would use `size_t` in ISO
+    C, or `ssize_t` in POSIX.
+[^3]: It is the implementation’s responsibility to implement headers so
     that including `<iosfwd>` and other headers does not violate the
     rules about multiple occurrences of default arguments.
+[^4]: Constructors and destructors for objects with static storage
     duration can access these objects to read input from `stdin` or
     write output to `stdout` or `stderr`.
+[^5]: This implies that operations on a standard iostream object can be
     mixed arbitrarily with operations on the corresponding stdio stream.
     In practical terms, synchronization usually means that a standard
     iostream object and a standard stdio object share a buffer.
+[^6]: An implementation is free to implement both the integer array
     pointed at by `iarray` and the pointer array pointed at by `parray`
     as sparse data structures, possibly with a one-element cache for
     each.
+[^7]: For example, because it cannot allocate space.
 [^8]: For example, because it cannot allocate space.
+[^9]: This suggests an infinite amount of copying, but the
     implementation can keep track of the maximum element of the arrays
     that is nonzero.
+[^10]: Checking `badbit` also for `fail()` is historical practice.
+[^11]: The function signature `dec(ios_base&)` can be called by the
     function signature
     `basic_ostream& stream::operator<<(ios_base& (*)(ios_base&))` to
     permit expressions of the form `cout << dec` to change the format
     flags stored in `cout`.
+[^12]: The default constructor is protected for class `basic_streambuf`
+    to assure that only objects for classes derived from this class can
     be constructed.
+[^13]: The morphemes of `showmanyc` are “es-how-many-see”, not
+    “show-manic”.
+[^14]: `underflow` or `uflow` can fail by throwing an exception
     prematurely. The intention is not only that the calls will not
     return `eof()` but that they will return “immediately”.
 [^15]: Classes derived from `basic_streambuf` can provide more efficient
     ways to implement `xsgetn()` and `xsputn()` by overriding these
     definitions from the base class.
+[^16]: That is, for each class derived from a specialization of
+    `basic_streambuf` in this Clause [[stringbuf]], [[filebuf]],
+    a specification of how consuming a character effects the associated
+    output sequence is given. There is no requirement on a
+    program-defined class.
 [^17]: Typically, `overflow` returns `c` to indicate success, except
     when `traits::eq_int_type(c, traits::eof())` returns `true`, in
     which case it returns `traits::not_eof(c)`.
     specified.
 [^19]: The `sentry` constructor and destructor can also perform
     additional implementation-dependent operations.
+[^20]: See, for example, the function signature
     `ws(basic_istream&)`[[istream.manip]].
+[^21]: See, for example, the function signature
     `dec(ios_base&)`[[basefield.manip]].
+[^22]: Note that this function is not overloaded on types `signed char`
+    and `unsigned char`.
+[^23]: Note that this function is not overloaded on types `signed char`
+    and `unsigned char`.
 [^24]: Note that this function is not overloaded on types `signed char`
     and `unsigned char`.
+[^25]: Since the final input character is “extracted”, it is counted in
     the `gcount()`, even though it is not stored.
+[^26]: This allows an input line which exactly fills the buffer, without
     setting `failbit`. This is different behavior than the historical
     AT&T implementation.
+[^27]: This implies an empty input line will not cause `failbit` to be
     set.
+[^28]: Note that this function is not overloaded on types `signed char`
     and `unsigned char`.
+[^29]: The call `os.tie()->flush()` does not necessarily occur if the
     function can determine that no synchronization is necessary.
+[^30]: The `sentry` constructor and destructor can also perform
     additional implementation-dependent operations.
+[^31]: This is done without causing an `ios_base::failure` to be thrown.
+[^32]: See, for example, the function signature
     `endl(basic_ostream&)`[[ostream.manip]].
+[^33]: See, for example, the function signature
     `dec(ios_base&)`[[basefield.manip]].
+[^34]: This is done without causing an `ios_base::failure` to be thrown.
+[^35]: Note that this function is not overloaded on types `signed char`
     and `unsigned char`.
+[^36]: Note that this function is not overloaded on types `signed char`
     and `unsigned char`.
+[^37]: The expression `cin >> resetiosflags(ios_base::skipws)` clears
     `ios_base::skipws` in the format flags stored in the
     `basic_istream<charT, traits>` object `cin` (the same as
     `cin >> noskipws`), and the expression
     `cout << resetiosflags(ios_base::showbase)` clears
     `ios_base::showbase` in the format flags stored in the
     `basic_ostream<charT, traits>` object `cout` (the same as
     `cout << noshowbase`).
+[^38]: The macro `SEEK_END` is defined, and the function signatures
     `fopen(const char*, const char*)` and `fseek(FILE*, long, int)` are
     declared, in `<cstdio>`.

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