[expr.post] - C++14 → C++17

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@@ -3,12 +3,11 @@
 Postfix expressions group left-to-right.
 ``` bnf
 postfix-expression:
     primary-expression
-    postfix-expression '[' expression ']'
-    postfix-expression '[' braced-init-list ']'
     postfix-expression '(' expression-listₒₚₜ ')'
     simple-type-specifier '(' expression-listₒₚₜ ')'
     typename-specifier '(' expression-listₒₚₜ ')'
     simple-type-specifier braced-init-list
     typename-specifier braced-init-list
@@ -33,213 +32,247 @@ expression-list:
 ``` bnf
 pseudo-destructor-name:
     nested-name-specifierₒₚₜ type-name ':: ~' type-name
     nested-name-specifier 'template' simple-template-id ':: ~' type-name
- nested-name-specifierₒₚₜ '~' type-name
     '~' decltype-specifier
 ```
-The `>` token following the in a `dynamic_cast`, `static_cast`,
-`reinterpret_cast`, or `const_cast` may be the product of replacing a
-`>{>}` token by two consecutive `>` tokens ([[temp.names]]).
 ### Subscripting <a id="expr.sub">[[expr.sub]]</a>
 A postfix expression followed by an expression in square brackets is a
-postfix expression. One of the expressions shall have the type “array of
-`T`” or “pointer to `T`” and the other shall have unscoped enumeration
-or integral type. The result is of type “`T`.” The type “`T`” shall be a
-completely-defined object type.[^5] The expression `E1[E2]` is identical
-(by definition) to `*((E1)+(E2))` see  [[expr.unary]] and  [[expr.add]]
-for details of `*` and `+` and  [[dcl.array]] for details of arrays. ,
-except that in the case of an array operand, the result is an lvalue if
-that operand is an lvalue and an xvalue otherwise.
 A *braced-init-list* shall not be used with the built-in subscript
 operator.
 ### Function call <a id="expr.call">[[expr.call]]</a>
 A function call is a postfix expression followed by parentheses
 containing a possibly empty, comma-separated list of
 *initializer-clause*s which constitute the arguments to the function.
-The postfix expression shall have function type or pointer to function
 type. For a call to a non-member function or to a static member
 function, the postfix expression shall be either an lvalue that refers
 to a function (in which case the function-to-pointer standard
 conversion ([[conv.func]]) is suppressed on the postfix expression), or
-it shall have pointer to function type. Calling a function through an
-expression whose function type has a language linkage that is different
-from the language linkage of the function type of the called function’s
-definition is undefined ([[dcl.link]]). For a call to a non-static
-member function, the postfix expression shall be an implicit (
-[[class.mfct.non-static]],  [[class.static]]) or explicit class member
-access ([[expr.ref]]) whose *id-expression* is a function member name,
-or a pointer-to-member expression ([[expr.mptr.oper]]) selecting a
-function member; the call is as a member of the class object referred to
-by the object expression. In the case of an implicit class member
-access, the implied object is the one pointed to by `this`. a member
-function call of the form `f()` is interpreted as `(*this).f()` (see
-[[class.mfct.non-static]]). If a function or member function name is
-used, the name can be overloaded (Clause  [[over]]), in which case the
-appropriate function shall be selected according to the rules in
-[[over.match]]. If the selected function is non-virtual, or if the
-*id-expression* in the class member access expression is a
-*qualified-id*, that function is called. Otherwise, its final
-overrider ([[class.virtual]]) in the dynamic type of the object
-expression is called; such a call is referred to as a *virtual function
-call*. the dynamic type is the type of the object referred to by the
-current value of the object expression. [[class.cdtor]] describes the
-behavior of virtual function calls when the object expression refers to
-an object under construction or destruction.
-If a function or member function name is used, and name lookup (
-[[basic.lookup]]) does not find a declaration of that name, the program
-is ill-formed. No function is implicitly declared by such a call.
 If the *postfix-expression* designates a destructor ([[class.dtor]]),
 the type of the function call expression is `void`; otherwise, the type
 of the function call expression is the return type of the statically
 chosen function (i.e., ignoring the `virtual` keyword), even if the type
 of the function actually called is different. This return type shall be
-an object type, a reference type or cv `void`.
 When a function is called, each parameter ([[dcl.fct]]) shall be
 initialized ([[dcl.init]],  [[class.copy]],  [[class.ctor]]) with its
-corresponding argument. Such initializations are indeterminately
-sequenced with respect to each other ([[intro.execution]]) If the
-function is a non-static member function, the `this` parameter of the
-function ([[class.this]]) shall be initialized with a pointer to the
-object of the call, converted as if by an explicit type conversion (
-[[expr.cast]]). There is no access or ambiguity checking on this
-conversion; the access checking and disambiguation are done as part of
-the (possibly implicit) class member access operator. See
-[[class.member.lookup]],  [[class.access.base]], and  [[expr.ref]]. When
-a function is called, the parameters that have object type shall have
-completely-defined object type. this still allows a parameter to be a
-pointer or reference to an incomplete class type. However, it prevents a
-passed-by-value parameter to have an incomplete class type. During the
-initialization of a parameter, an implementation may avoid the
-construction of extra temporaries by combining the conversions on the
-associated argument and/or the construction of temporaries with the
-initialization of the parameter (see  [[class.temporary]]). The lifetime
-of a parameter ends when the function in which it is defined returns.
-The initialization and destruction of each parameter occurs within the
-context of the calling function. the access of the constructor,
-conversion functions or destructor is checked at the point of call in
-the calling function. If a constructor or destructor for a function
-parameter throws an exception, the search for a handler starts in the
-scope of the calling function; in particular, if the function called has
-a *function-try-block* (Clause  [[except]]) with a handler that could
-handle the exception, this handler is not considered. The value of a
-function call is the value returned by the called function except in a
-virtual function call if the return type of the final overrider is
-different from the return type of the statically chosen function, the
-value returned from the final overrider is converted to the return type
-of the statically chosen function.
-a function can change the values of its non-const parameters, but these
-changes cannot affect the values of the arguments except where a
-parameter is of a reference type ([[dcl.ref]]); if the reference is to
-a const-qualified type, `const_cast` is required to be used to cast away
-the constness in order to modify the argument’s value. Where a parameter
-is of `const` reference type a temporary object is introduced if
-needed ([[dcl.type]],  [[lex.literal]],  [[lex.string]],
 [[dcl.array]],  [[class.temporary]]). In addition, it is possible to
-modify the values of nonconstant objects through pointer parameters.
 A function can be declared to accept fewer arguments (by declaring
 default arguments ([[dcl.fct.default]])) or more arguments (by using
 the ellipsis, `...`, or a function parameter pack ([[dcl.fct]])) than
 the number of parameters in the function definition ([[dcl.fct.def]]).
-this implies that, except where the ellipsis (`...`) or a function
-parameter pack is used, a parameter is available for each argument.
 When there is no parameter for a given argument, the argument is passed
 in such a way that the receiving function can obtain the value of the
-argument by invoking `va_arg` ([[support.runtime]]). This paragraph
-does not apply to arguments passed to a function parameter pack.
-Function parameter packs are expanded during template instantiation (
-[[temp.variadic]]), thus each such argument has a corresponding
-parameter when a function template specialization is actually called.
 The lvalue-to-rvalue ([[conv.lval]]), array-to-pointer (
 [[conv.array]]), and function-to-pointer ([[conv.func]]) standard
 conversions are performed on the argument expression. An argument that
-has (possibly cv-qualified) type `std::nullptr_t` is converted to type
-`void*` ([[conv.ptr]]). After these conversions, if the argument does
-not have arithmetic, enumeration, pointer, pointer to member, or class
-type, the program is ill-formed. Passing a potentially-evaluated
-argument of class type (Clause  [[class]]) having a non-trivial copy
-constructor, a non-trivial move constructor, or a non-trivial
-destructor, with no corresponding parameter, is conditionally-supported
-with *implementation-defined* semantics. If the argument has integral or
 enumeration type that is subject to the integral promotions (
-[[conv.prom]]), or a floating point type that is subject to the floating
-point promotion ([[conv.fpprom]]), the value of the argument is
-converted to the promoted type before the call. These promotions are
 referred to as the *default argument promotions*.
-The evaluations of the postfix expression and of the arguments are all
-unsequenced relative to one another. All side effects of argument
-evaluations are sequenced before the function is entered (see
-[[intro.execution]]).
 Recursive calls are permitted, except to the `main` function (
 [[basic.start.main]]).
 A function call is an lvalue if the result type is an lvalue reference
 type or an rvalue reference to function type, an xvalue if the result
 type is an rvalue reference to object type, and a prvalue otherwise.
-If a function call is a prvalue of object type:
-- if the function call is either
-  - the operand of a *decltype-specifier* or
-  - the right operand of a comma operator that is the operand of a
-    *decltype-specifier*,
-  a temporary object is not introduced for the prvalue. The type of the
-  prvalue may be incomplete. as a result, storage is not allocated for
-  the prvalue and it is not destroyed; thus, a class type is not
-  instantiated as a result of being the type of a function call in this
-  context. This is true regardless of whether the expression uses
-  function call notation or operator notation ([[over.match.oper]]).
-  unlike the rule for a *decltype-specifier* that considers whether an
-  *id-expression* is parenthesized ([[dcl.type.simple]]), parentheses
-  have no special meaning in this context.
-- otherwise, the type of the prvalue shall be complete.
 ### Explicit type conversion (functional notation) <a id="expr.type.conv">[[expr.type.conv]]</a>
 A *simple-type-specifier* ([[dcl.type.simple]]) or
 *typename-specifier* ([[temp.res]]) followed by a parenthesized
-*expression-list* constructs a value of the specified type given the
-expression list. If the expression list is a single expression, the type
 conversion expression is equivalent (in definedness, and if defined in
 meaning) to the corresponding cast expression ([[expr.cast]]). If the
-type specified is a class type, the class type shall be complete. If the
-expression list specifies more than a single value, the type shall be a
-class with a suitably declared constructor ([[dcl.init]],
-[[class.ctor]]), and the expression `T(x1, x2, ...)` is equivalent in
-effect to the declaration `T t(x1, x2, ...);` for some invented
-temporary variable `t`, with the result being the value of `t` as a
-prvalue.
-The expression `T()`, where `T` is a *simple-type-specifier* or
-*typename-specifier* for a non-array complete object type or the
-(possibly cv-qualified) `void` type, creates a prvalue of the specified
-type, whose value is that produced by value-initializing ([[dcl.init]])
-an object of type `T`; no initialization is done for the `void()` case.
-if `T` is a non-class type that is cv-qualified, the *cv-qualifier*s are
-discarded when determining the type of the resulting prvalue (Clause
-[[expr]]).
-Similarly, a *simple-type-specifier* or *typename-specifier* followed by
-a *braced-init-list* creates a temporary object of the specified type
-direct-list-initialized ([[dcl.init.list]]) with the specified
-*braced-init-list*, and its value is that temporary object as a prvalue.
 ### Pseudo destructor call <a id="expr.pseudo">[[expr.pseudo]]</a>
 The use of a *pseudo-destructor-name* after a dot `.` or arrow `->`
 operator represents the destructor for the non-class type denoted by
@@ -257,40 +290,45 @@ the object type and of the type designated by the
 ``` bnf
 nested-name-specifierₒₚₜ type-name ':: ~' type-name
 ```
-shall designate the same scalar type.
 ### Class member access <a id="expr.ref">[[expr.ref]]</a>
 A postfix expression followed by a dot `.` or an arrow `->`, optionally
 followed by the keyword `template` ([[temp.names]]), and then followed
 by an *id-expression*, is a postfix expression. The postfix expression
 before the dot or arrow is evaluated;[^6] the result of that evaluation,
 together with the *id-expression*, determines the result of the entire
 postfix expression.
-For the first option (dot) the first expression shall have complete
-class type. For the second option (arrow) the first expression shall
-have pointer to complete class type. The expression `E1->E2` is
-converted to the equivalent form `(*(E1)).E2`; the remainder of
-[[expr.ref]] will address only the first option (dot).[^7] In either
-case, the *id-expression* shall name a member of the class or of one of
-its base classes. because the name of a class is inserted in its class
-scope (Clause  [[class]]), the name of a class is also considered a
-nested member of that class. [[basic.lookup.classref]] describes how
-names are looked up after the `.` and `->` operators.
 Abbreviating *postfix-expression.id-expression* as `E1.E2`, `E1` is
-called the *object expression*. The type and value category of `E1.E2`
-are determined as follows. In the remainder of  [[expr.ref]], *cq*
-represents either `const` or the absence of `const` and *vq* represents
-either `volatile` or the absence of `volatile`. *cv* represents an
-arbitrary set of cv-qualifiers, as defined in  [[basic.type.qualifier]].
-If `E2` is declared to have type “reference to `T`,” then `E1.E2` is an
 lvalue; the type of `E1.E2` is `T`. Otherwise, one of the following
 rules applies.
 - If `E2` is a static data member and the type of `E2` is `T`, then
   `E1.E2` is an lvalue; the expression designates the named member of
@@ -315,63 +353,75 @@ rules applies.
     lvalue; the expression designates the static member function. The
     type of `E1.E2` is the same type as that of `E2`, namely “function
     of parameter-type-list returning `T`”.
   - Otherwise, if `E1.E2` refers to a non-static member function and the
     type of `E2` is “function of parameter-type-list *cv*
-    *ref-qualifierₒₚₜ* returning `T`”, then `E1.E2` is a prvalue. The
     expression designates a non-static member function. The expression
     can be used only as the left-hand operand of a member function
-    call ([[class.mfct]]). Any redundant set of parentheses surrounding
-    the expression is ignored ([[expr.prim]]). The type of `E1.E2` is
- “function of parameter-type-list *cv* returning `T`”.
 - If `E2` is a nested type, the expression `E1.E2` is ill-formed.
 - If `E2` is a member enumerator and the type of `E2` is `T`, the
   expression `E1.E2` is a prvalue. The type of `E1.E2` is `T`.
 If `E2` is a non-static data member or a non-static member function, the
 program is ill-formed if the class of which `E2` is directly a member is
 an ambiguous base ([[class.member.lookup]]) of the naming class (
-[[class.access.base]]) of `E2`. The program is also ill-formed if the
-naming class is an ambiguous base of the class type of the object
-expression; see  [[class.access.base]].
 ### Increment and decrement <a id="expr.post.incr">[[expr.post.incr]]</a>
-The value of a postfix `++` expression is the value of its operand. the
-value obtained is a copy of the original value The operand shall be a
-modifiable lvalue. The type of the operand shall be an arithmetic type
-or a pointer to a complete object type. The value of the operand object
-is modified by adding `1` to it, unless the object is of type `bool`, in
-which case it is set to `true`. this use is deprecated, see Annex
-[[depr]]. The value computation of the `++` expression is sequenced
-before the modification of the operand object. With respect to an
 indeterminately-sequenced function call, the operation of postfix `++`
-is a single evaluation. Therefore, a function call shall not intervene
-between the lvalue-to-rvalue conversion and the side effect associated
-with any single postfix ++ operator. The result is a prvalue. The type
-of the result is the cv-unqualified version of the type of the operand.
-See also  [[expr.add]] and  [[expr.ass]].
 The operand of postfix `\dcr` is decremented analogously to the postfix
-`++` operator, except that the operand shall not be of type `bool`. For
-prefix increment and decrement, see  [[expr.pre.incr]].
 ### Dynamic cast <a id="expr.dynamic.cast">[[expr.dynamic.cast]]</a>
 The result of the expression `dynamic_cast<T>(v)` is the result of
 converting the expression `v` to type `T`. `T` shall be a pointer or
-reference to a complete class type, or “pointer to *cv* `void`.” The
 `dynamic_cast` operator shall not cast away constness (
 [[expr.const.cast]]).
 If `T` is a pointer type, `v` shall be a prvalue of a pointer to
 complete class type, and the result is a prvalue of type `T`. If `T` is
 an lvalue reference type, `v` shall be an lvalue of a complete class
 type, and the result is an lvalue of the type referred to by `T`. If `T`
-is an rvalue reference type, `v` shall be an expression having a
-complete class type, and the result is an xvalue of the type referred to
-by `T`.
 If the type of `v` is the same as `T`, or it is the same as `T` except
 that the class object type in `T` is more cv-qualified than the class
 object type in `v`, the result is `v` (converted if necessary).
@@ -381,33 +431,35 @@ result is the null pointer value of type `T`.
 If `T` is “pointer to *cv1* `B`” and `v` has type “pointer to *cv2* `D`”
 such that `B` is a base class of `D`, the result is a pointer to the
 unique `B` subobject of the `D` object pointed to by `v`. Similarly, if
 `T` is “reference to *cv1* `B`” and `v` has type *cv2* `D` such that `B`
 is a base class of `D`, the result is the unique `B` subobject of the
-`D` object referred to by `v`. [^8] The result is an lvalue if `T` is an
-lvalue reference, or an xvalue if `T` is an rvalue reference. In both
-the pointer and reference cases, the program is ill-formed if *cv2* has
-greater cv-qualification than *cv1* or if `B` is an inaccessible or
-ambiguous base class of `D`.
 ``` cpp
 struct B { };
 struct D : B { };
 void foo(D* dp) {
   B*  bp = dynamic_cast<B*>(dp);    // equivalent to B* bp = dp;
 }
 ```
 Otherwise, `v` shall be a pointer to or a glvalue of a polymorphic
 type ([[class.virtual]]).
-If `T` is “pointer to *cv* `void`,” then the result is a pointer to the
-most derived object pointed to by `v`. Otherwise, a run-time check is
 applied to see if the object pointed or referred to by `v` can be
 converted to the type pointed or referred to by `T`.
-If `C` is the class type to which `T` points or refers, the run-time
 check logically executes as follows:
 - If, in the most derived object pointed (referred) to by `v`, `v`
   points (refers) to a `public` base class subobject of a `C` object,
   and if only one object of type `C` is derived from the subobject
@@ -416,17 +468,19 @@ check logically executes as follows:
 - Otherwise, if `v` points (refers) to a `public` base class subobject
   of the most derived object, and the type of the most derived object
   has a base class, of type `C`, that is unambiguous and `public`, the
   result points (refers) to the `C` subobject of the most derived
   object.
-- Otherwise, the run-time check *fails*.
 The value of a failed cast to pointer type is the null pointer value of
 the required result type. A failed cast to reference type throws an
 exception ([[except.throw]]) of a type that would match a handler (
 [[except.handle]]) of type `std::bad_cast` ([[bad.cast]]).
 ``` cpp
 class A { virtual void f(); };
 class B { virtual void g(); };
 class D : public virtual A, private B { };
 void g() {
@@ -435,27 +489,28 @@ void g() {
   A*  ap = &d;                      // public derivation, no cast needed
   D&  dr = dynamic_cast<D&>(*bp);   // fails
   ap = dynamic_cast<A*>(bp);        // fails
   bp = dynamic_cast<B*>(ap);        // fails
   ap = dynamic_cast<A*>(&d);        // succeeds
-  bp = dynamic_cast<B*>(&d);        // ill-formed (not a run-time check)
 }
 class E : public D, public B { };
 class F : public E, public D { };
 void h() {
   F   f;
   A*  ap  = &f;                     // succeeds: finds unique A
-  D*  dp  = dynamic_cast<D*>(ap);   // fails: yields 0
-                                    // f has two D subobjects
   E*  ep  = (E*)ap;                 // ill-formed: cast from virtual base
   E*  ep1 = dynamic_cast<E*>(ap);   // succeeds
 }
 ```
-[[class.cdtor]] describes the behavior of a `dynamic_cast` applied to an
-object under construction or destruction.
 ### Type identification <a id="expr.typeid">[[expr.typeid]]</a>
 The result of a `typeid` expression is an lvalue of static type `const`
 `std::type_info` ([[type.info]]) and dynamic type `const`
@@ -479,122 +534,146 @@ value ([[conv.ptr]]), the `typeid` expression throws an exception (
 When `typeid` is applied to an expression other than a glvalue of a
 polymorphic class type, the result refers to a `std::type_info` object
 representing the static type of the expression. Lvalue-to-rvalue (
 [[conv.lval]]), array-to-pointer ([[conv.array]]), and
 function-to-pointer ([[conv.func]]) conversions are not applied to the
-expression. If the type of the expression is a class type, the class
-shall be completely-defined. The expression is an unevaluated operand
-(Clause  [[expr]]).
 When `typeid` is applied to a *type-id*, the result refers to a
 `std::type_info` object representing the type of the *type-id*. If the
-type of the *type-id* is a reference to a possibly *cv*-qualified type,
 the result of the `typeid` expression refers to a `std::type_info`
-object representing the *cv*-unqualified referenced type. If the type of
 the *type-id* is a class type or a reference to a class type, the class
 shall be completely-defined.
 If the type of the expression or *type-id* is a cv-qualified type, the
 result of the `typeid` expression refers to a `std::type_info` object
 representing the cv-unqualified type.
 ``` cpp
-class D { /* ... */ };
 D d1;
 const D d2;
 typeid(d1) == typeid(d2);       // yields true
 typeid(D)  == typeid(const D);  // yields true
 typeid(D)  == typeid(d2);       // yields true
 typeid(D)  == typeid(const D&); // yields true
 ```
 If the header `<typeinfo>` ([[type.info]]) is not included prior to a
 use of `typeid`, the program is ill-formed.
-[[class.cdtor]] describes the behavior of `typeid` applied to an object
-under construction or destruction.
 ### Static cast <a id="expr.static.cast">[[expr.static.cast]]</a>
 The result of the expression `static_cast<T>(v)` is the result of
 converting the expression `v` to type `T`. If `T` is an lvalue reference
 type or an rvalue reference to function type, the result is an lvalue;
 if `T` is an rvalue reference to object type, the result is an xvalue;
 otherwise, the result is a prvalue. The `static_cast` operator shall not
 cast away constness ([[expr.const.cast]]).
-An lvalue of type “*cv1* `B`,” where `B` is a class type, can be cast to
-type “reference to *cv2* `D`,” where `D` is a class derived (Clause
-[[class.derived]]) from `B`, if a valid standard conversion from
-“pointer to `D`” to “pointer to `B`” exists ([[conv.ptr]]), *cv2* is
-the same cv-qualification as, or greater cv-qualification than, *cv1*,
-and `B` is neither a virtual base class of `D` nor a base class of a
-virtual base class of `D`. The result has type “*cv2* `D`.” An xvalue of
-type “*cv1* `B`” may be cast to type “rvalue reference to *cv2* `D`”
-with the same constraints as for an lvalue of type “*cv1* `B`.” If the
-object of type “*cv1* `B`” is actually a subobject of an object of type
-`D`, the result refers to the enclosing object of type `D`. Otherwise,
-the behavior is undefined.
 ``` cpp
 struct B { };
 struct D : public B { };
 D d;
 B &br = d;
 static_cast<D&>(br);            // produces lvalue to the original d object
 ```
-A glvalue, class prvalue, or array prvalue of type “*cv1* `T1`” can be
-cast to type “rvalue reference to *cv2* `T2`” if “*cv2* `T2`” is
-reference-compatible with “*cv1* `T1`” ([[dcl.init.ref]]). If the value
-is not a bit-field, the result refers to the object or the specified
-base class subobject thereof; otherwise, the lvalue-to-rvalue
-conversion ([[conv.lval]]) is applied to the bit-field and the
-resulting prvalue is used as the *expression* of the `static_cast` for
-the remainder of this section. If `T2` is an inaccessible (Clause
-[[class.access]]) or ambiguous ([[class.member.lookup]]) base class of
-`T1`, a program that necessitates such a cast is ill-formed.
-An expression `e` can be explicitly converted to a type `T` using a
-`static_cast` of the form `static_cast<T>(e)` if the declaration
-`T t(e);` is well-formed, for some invented temporary variable `t` (
-[[dcl.init]]). The effect of such an explicit conversion is the same as
-performing the declaration and initialization and then using the
-temporary variable as the result of the conversion. The expression `e`
-is used as a glvalue if and only if the initialization uses it as a
-glvalue.
 Otherwise, the `static_cast` shall perform one of the conversions listed
 below. No other conversion shall be performed explicitly using a
 `static_cast`.
 Any expression can be explicitly converted to type cv `void`, in which
 case it becomes a discarded-value expression (Clause  [[expr]]).
-however, if the value is in a temporary object ([[class.temporary]]),
-the destructor for that object is not executed until the usual time, and
-the value of the object is preserved for the purpose of executing the
-destructor.
 The inverse of any standard conversion sequence (Clause  [[conv]]) not
 containing an lvalue-to-rvalue ([[conv.lval]]), array-to-pointer (
 [[conv.array]]), function-to-pointer ([[conv.func]]), null pointer (
-[[conv.ptr]]), null member pointer ([[conv.mem]]), or boolean (
-[[conv.bool]]) conversion, can be performed explicitly using
-`static_cast`. A program is ill-formed if it uses `static_cast` to
-perform the inverse of an ill-formed standard conversion sequence.
 ``` cpp
 struct B { };
 struct D : private B { };
 void f() {
-  static_cast<D*>((B*)0);               // Error: B is a private base of D.
-  static_cast<int B::*>((int D::*)0);   // Error: B is a private base of D.
 }
 ```
 The lvalue-to-rvalue ([[conv.lval]]), array-to-pointer (
 [[conv.array]]), and function-to-pointer ([[conv.func]]) conversions
 are applied to the operand. Such a `static_cast` is subject to the
 restriction that the explicit conversion does not cast away constness (
 [[expr.const.cast]]), and the following additional rules for specific
@@ -608,65 +687,72 @@ unchanged if the original value can be represented by the specified
 type. Otherwise, the resulting value is unspecified. A value of a scoped
 enumeration type can also be explicitly converted to a floating-point
 type; the result is the same as that of converting from the original
 value to the floating-point type.
-A value of integral or enumeration type can be explicitly converted to
-an enumeration type. The value is unchanged if the original value is
-within the range of the enumeration values ([[dcl.enum]]). Otherwise,
-the resulting value is unspecified (and might not be in that range). A
-value of floating-point type can also be explicitly converted to an
-enumeration type. The resulting value is the same as converting the
-original value to the underlying type of the enumeration (
-[[conv.fpint]]), and subsequently to the enumeration type.
-A prvalue of type “pointer to *cv1* `B`,” where `B` is a class type, can
-be converted to a prvalue of type “pointer to *cv2* `D`,” where `D` is a
-class derived (Clause  [[class.derived]]) from `B`, if a valid standard
-conversion from “pointer to `D`” to “pointer to `B`” exists (
-[[conv.ptr]]), *cv2* is the same cv-qualification as, or greater
-cv-qualification than, *cv1*, and `B` is neither a virtual base class of
-`D` nor a base class of a virtual base class of `D`. The null pointer
-value ([[conv.ptr]]) is converted to the null pointer value of the
-destination type. If the prvalue of type “pointer to *cv1* `B`” points
-to a `B` that is actually a subobject of an object of type `D`, the
-resulting pointer points to the enclosing object of type `D`. Otherwise,
-the behavior is undefined.
 A prvalue of type “pointer to member of `D` of type *cv1* `T`” can be
-converted to a prvalue of type “pointer to member of `B`” of type *cv2*
-`T`, where `B` is a base class (Clause  [[class.derived]]) of `D`, if a
-valid standard conversion from “pointer to member of `B` of type `T`” to
-“pointer to member of `D` of type `T`” exists ([[conv.mem]]), and *cv2*
-is the same cv-qualification as, or greater cv-qualification than,
-*cv1*.[^11] The null member pointer value ([[conv.mem]]) is converted
-to the null member pointer value of the destination type. If class `B`
-contains the original member, or is a base or derived class of the class
-containing the original member, the resulting pointer to member points
-to the original member. Otherwise, the behavior is undefined. although
-class `B` need not contain the original member, the dynamic type of the
-object with which indirection through the pointer to member is performed
-must contain the original member; see  [[expr.mptr.oper]].
 A prvalue of type “pointer to *cv1* `void`” can be converted to a
-prvalue of type “pointer to *cv2* `T`,” where `T` is an object type and
 *cv2* is the same cv-qualification as, or greater cv-qualification than,
-*cv1*. The null pointer value is converted to the null pointer value of
-the destination type. If the original pointer value represents the
-address `A` of a byte in memory and `A` satisfies the alignment
-requirement of `T`, then the resulting pointer value represents the same
-address as the original pointer value, that is, `A`. The result of any
-other such pointer conversion is unspecified. A value of type pointer to
-object converted to “pointer to *cv* `void`” and back, possibly with
-different cv-qualification, shall have its original value.
 ``` cpp
 T* p1 = new T;
 const T* p2 = static_cast<const T*>(static_cast<void*>(p1));
 bool b = p1 == p2;  // b will have the value true.
 ```
 ### Reinterpret cast <a id="expr.reinterpret.cast">[[expr.reinterpret.cast]]</a>
 The result of the expression `reinterpret_cast<T>(v)` is the result of
 converting the expression `v` to type `T`. If `T` is an lvalue reference
 type or an rvalue reference to function type, the result is an lvalue;
@@ -681,61 +767,77 @@ performed explicitly using `reinterpret_cast`.
 The `reinterpret_cast` operator shall not cast away constness (
 [[expr.const.cast]]). An expression of integral, enumeration, pointer,
 or pointer-to-member type can be explicitly converted to its own type;
 such a cast yields the value of its operand.
-The mapping performed by `reinterpret_cast` might, or might not, produce
-a representation different from the original value.
 A pointer can be explicitly converted to any integral type large enough
-to hold it. The mapping function is implementation-defined. It is
-intended to be unsurprising to those who know the addressing structure
-of the underlying machine. A value of type `std::nullptr_t` can be
-converted to an integral type; the conversion has the same meaning and
-validity as a conversion of `(void*)0` to the integral type. A
-`reinterpret_cast` cannot be used to convert a value of any type to the
-type `std::nullptr_t`.
 A value of integral type or enumeration type can be explicitly converted
 to a pointer. A pointer converted to an integer of sufficient size (if
 any such exists on the implementation) and back to the same pointer type
 will have its original value; mappings between pointers and integers are
-otherwise *implementation-defined*. Except as described in
-[[basic.stc.dynamic.safety]], the result of such a conversion will not
-be a safely-derived pointer value.
 A function pointer can be explicitly converted to a function pointer of
-a different type. The effect of calling a function through a pointer to
-a function type ([[dcl.fct]]) that is not the same as the type used in
-the definition of the function is undefined. Except that converting a
-prvalue of type “pointer to `T1`” to the type “pointer to `T2`” (where
-`T1` and `T2` are function types) and back to its original type yields
-the original pointer value, the result of such a pointer conversion is
-unspecified. see also  [[conv.ptr]] for more details of pointer
-conversions.
 An object pointer can be explicitly converted to an object pointer of a
 different type.[^12] When a prvalue `v` of object pointer type is
 converted to the object pointer type “pointer to cv `T`”, the result is
-`static_cast<cv T*>(static_cast<cv void*>(v))`. Converting a prvalue of
-type “pointer to `T1`” to the type “pointer to `T2`” (where `T1` and
-`T2` are object types and where the alignment requirements of `T2` are
-no stricter than those of `T1`) and back to its original type yields the
-original pointer value.
 Converting a function pointer to an object pointer type or vice versa is
 conditionally-supported. The meaning of such a conversion is
 *implementation-defined*, except that if an implementation supports
 conversions in both directions, converting a prvalue of one type to the
 other type and back, possibly with different cv-qualification, shall
 yield the original pointer value.
 The null pointer value ([[conv.ptr]]) is converted to the null pointer
-value of the destination type. A null pointer constant of type
-`std::nullptr_t` cannot be converted to a pointer type, and a null
-pointer constant of integral type is not necessarily converted to a null
-pointer value.
 A prvalue of type “pointer to member of `X` of type `T1`” can be
 explicitly converted to a prvalue of a different type “pointer to member
 of `Y` of type `T2`” if `T1` and `T2` are both function types or both
 object types.[^13] The null member pointer value ([[conv.mem]]) is
@@ -753,16 +855,20 @@ result of this conversion is unspecified, except in the following cases:
 A glvalue expression of type `T1` can be cast to the type “reference to
 `T2`” if an expression of type “pointer to `T1`” can be explicitly
 converted to the type “pointer to `T2`” using a `reinterpret_cast`. The
 result refers to the same object as the source glvalue, but with the
-specified type. That is, for lvalues, a reference cast
 `reinterpret_cast<T&>(x)` has the same effect as the conversion
 `*reinterpret_cast<T*>(&x)` with the built-in `&` and `*` operators (and
-similarly for `reinterpret_cast<T&&>(x)`). No temporary is created, no
-copy is made, and constructors ([[class.ctor]]) or conversion
-functions ([[class.conv]]) are not called.[^14]
 ### Const cast <a id="expr.const.cast">[[expr.const.cast]]</a>
 The result of the expression `const_cast<T>(v)` is of type `T`. If `T`
 is an lvalue reference to object type, the result is an lvalue; if `T`
@@ -772,22 +878,30 @@ otherwise, the result is a prvalue and the lvalue-to-rvalue (
 function-to-pointer ([[conv.func]]) standard conversions are performed
 on the expression `v`. Conversions that can be performed explicitly
 using `const_cast` are listed below. No other conversion shall be
 performed explicitly using `const_cast`.
-Subject to the restrictions in this section, an expression may be cast
-to its own type using a `const_cast` operator.
-For two pointer types `T1` and `T2` where
-and
-where `T` is any object type or the `void` type and where
-$\mathit{cv}_{1,k}$ and $\mathit{cv}_{2,k}$ may be different
-cv-qualifications, a prvalue of type `T1` may be explicitly converted to
-the type `T2` using a `const_cast`. The result of a pointer `const_cast`
-refers to the original object.
 For two object types `T1` and `T2`, if a pointer to `T1` can be
 explicitly converted to the type “pointer to `T2`” using a `const_cast`,
 then the following conversions can also be made:
@@ -796,60 +910,41 @@ then the following conversions can also be made:
 - a glvalue of type `T1` can be explicitly converted to an xvalue of
   type `T2` using the cast `const_cast<T2&&>`; and
 - if `T1` is a class type, a prvalue of type `T1` can be explicitly
   converted to an xvalue of type `T2` using the cast `const_cast<T2&&>`.
-The result of a reference `const_cast` refers to the original object.
-For a `const_cast` involving pointers to data members, multi-level
-pointers to data members and multi-level mixed pointers and pointers to
-data members ([[conv.qual]]), the rules for `const_cast` are the same
-as those used for pointers; the “member” aspect of a pointer to member
-is ignored when determining where the cv-qualifiers are added or removed
-by the `const_cast`. The result of a pointer to data member `const_cast`
-refers to the same member as the original (uncast) pointer to data
-member.
 A null pointer value ([[conv.ptr]]) is converted to the null pointer
 value of the destination type. The null member pointer value (
 [[conv.mem]]) is converted to the null member pointer value of the
 destination type.
-Depending on the type of the object, a write operation through the
-pointer, lvalue or pointer to data member resulting from a `const_cast`
-that casts away a const-qualifier[^15] may produce undefined behavior (
-[[dcl.type.cv]]).
-The following rules define the process known as *casting away
-constness*. In these rules `Tn ` and `Xn ` represent types. For two
-pointer types:
-casting from `X1` to `X2` casts away constness if, for a non-pointer
-type `T` there does not exist an implicit conversion (Clause  [[conv]])
-from:
-to
 Casting from an lvalue of type `T1` to an lvalue of type `T2` using an
 lvalue reference cast or casting from an expression of type `T1` to an
 xvalue of type `T2` using an rvalue reference cast casts away constness
 if a cast from a prvalue of type “pointer to `T1`” to the type “pointer
 to `T2`” casts away constness.
-Casting from a prvalue of type “pointer to data member of `X` of type
-`T1`” to the type “pointer to data member of `Y` of type `T2`” casts
-away constness if a cast from a prvalue of type “pointer to `T1`” to the
-type “pointer to `T2`” casts away constness.
-For multi-level pointer to members and multi-level mixed pointers and
-pointer to members ([[conv.qual]]), the “member” aspect of a pointer to
-member level is ignored when determining if a `const` cv-qualifier has
-been cast away.
-some conversions which involve only changes in cv-qualification cannot
-be done using `const_cast.` For instance, conversions between pointers
-to functions are not covered because such conversions lead to values
-whose use causes undefined behavior. For the same reasons, conversions
-between pointers to member functions, and in particular, the conversion
-from a pointer to a const member function to a pointer to a non-const
-member function, are not covered.

 Postfix expressions group left-to-right.
 ``` bnf
 postfix-expression:
     primary-expression
+    postfix-expression '[' expr-or-braced-init-list ']'
     postfix-expression '(' expression-listₒₚₜ ')'
     simple-type-specifier '(' expression-listₒₚₜ ')'
     typename-specifier '(' expression-listₒₚₜ ')'
     simple-type-specifier braced-init-list
     typename-specifier braced-init-list
 ``` bnf
 pseudo-destructor-name:
     nested-name-specifierₒₚₜ type-name ':: ~' type-name
     nested-name-specifier 'template' simple-template-id ':: ~' type-name
+    '~' type-name
     '~' decltype-specifier
 ```
+[*Note 1*: The `>` token following the *type-id* in a `dynamic_cast`,
+`static_cast`, `reinterpret_cast`, or `const_cast` may be the product of
+replacing a `>{>}` token by two consecutive `>` tokens (
+[[temp.names]]). — *end note*]
 ### Subscripting <a id="expr.sub">[[expr.sub]]</a>
 A postfix expression followed by an expression in square brackets is a
+postfix expression. One of the expressions shall be a glvalue of type
+“array of `T`” or a prvalue of type “pointer to `T`” and the other shall
+be a prvalue of unscoped enumeration or integral type. The result is of
+type “`T`”. The type “`T`” shall be a completely-defined object
+type.[^5] The expression `E1[E2]` is identical (by definition) to
+`*((E1)+(E2))`
+[*Note 1*: see  [[expr.unary]] and  [[expr.add]] for details of `*` and
+`+` and  [[dcl.array]] for details of arrays. — *end note*]
+, except that in the case of an array operand, the result is an lvalue
+if that operand is an lvalue and an xvalue otherwise. The expression
+`E1` is sequenced before the expression `E2`.
 A *braced-init-list* shall not be used with the built-in subscript
 operator.
 ### Function call <a id="expr.call">[[expr.call]]</a>
 A function call is a postfix expression followed by parentheses
 containing a possibly empty, comma-separated list of
 *initializer-clause*s which constitute the arguments to the function.
+The postfix expression shall have function type or function pointer
 type. For a call to a non-member function or to a static member
 function, the postfix expression shall be either an lvalue that refers
 to a function (in which case the function-to-pointer standard
 conversion ([[conv.func]]) is suppressed on the postfix expression), or
+it shall have function pointer type. Calling a function through an
+expression whose function type is different from the function type of
+the called function’s definition results in undefined behavior (
+[[dcl.link]]). For a call to a non-static member function, the postfix
+expression shall be an implicit ([[class.mfct.non-static]],
+[[class.static]]) or explicit class member access ([[expr.ref]]) whose
+*id-expression* is a function member name, or a pointer-to-member
+expression ([[expr.mptr.oper]]) selecting a function member; the call
+is as a member of the class object referred to by the object expression.
+In the case of an implicit class member access, the implied object is
+the one pointed to by `this`.
+[*Note 1*: A member function call of the form `f()` is interpreted as
+`(*this).f()` (see  [[class.mfct.non-static]]). — *end note*]
+If a function or member function name is used, the name can be
+overloaded (Clause  [[over]]), in which case the appropriate function
+shall be selected according to the rules in  [[over.match]]. If the
+selected function is non-virtual, or if the *id-expression* in the class
+member access expression is a *qualified-id*, that function is called.
+Otherwise, its final overrider ([[class.virtual]]) in the dynamic type
+of the object expression is called; such a call is referred to as a
+*virtual function call*.
+[*Note 2*: The dynamic type is the type of the object referred to by
+the current value of the object expression. [[class.cdtor]] describes
+the behavior of virtual function calls when the object expression refers
+to an object under construction or destruction. — *end note*]
+[*Note 3*: If a function or member function name is used, and name
+lookup ([[basic.lookup]]) does not find a declaration of that name, the
+program is ill-formed. No function is implicitly declared by such a
+call. — *end note*]
 If the *postfix-expression* designates a destructor ([[class.dtor]]),
 the type of the function call expression is `void`; otherwise, the type
 of the function call expression is the return type of the statically
 chosen function (i.e., ignoring the `virtual` keyword), even if the type
 of the function actually called is different. This return type shall be
+an object type, a reference type or cv `void`.
 When a function is called, each parameter ([[dcl.fct]]) shall be
 initialized ([[dcl.init]],  [[class.copy]],  [[class.ctor]]) with its
+corresponding argument. If the function is a non-static member function,
+the `this` parameter of the function ([[class.this]]) shall be
+initialized with a pointer to the object of the call, converted as if by
+an explicit type conversion ([[expr.cast]]).
+[*Note 4*: There is no access or ambiguity checking on this conversion;
+the access checking and disambiguation are done as part of the (possibly
+implicit) class member access operator. See  [[class.member.lookup]],
+[[class.access.base]], and  [[expr.ref]]. — *end note*]
+When a function is called, the parameters that have object type shall
+have completely-defined object type.
+[*Note 5*: this still allows a parameter to be a pointer or reference
+to an incomplete class type. However, it prevents a passed-by-value
+parameter to have an incomplete class type. — *end note*]
+It is *implementation-defined* whether the lifetime of a parameter ends
+when the function in which it is defined returns or at the end of the
+enclosing full-expression. The initialization and destruction of each
+parameter occurs within the context of the calling function.
+[*Example 1*: The access of the constructor, conversion functions or
+destructor is checked at the point of call in the calling function. If a
+constructor or destructor for a function parameter throws an exception,
+the search for a handler starts in the scope of the calling function; in
+particular, if the function called has a *function-try-block* (Clause
+[[except]]) with a handler that could handle the exception, this handler
+is not considered. — *end example*]
+The *postfix-expression* is sequenced before each *expression* in the
+*expression-list* and any default argument. The initialization of a
+parameter, including every associated value computation and side effect,
+is indeterminately sequenced with respect to that of any other
+parameter.
+[*Note 6*: All side effects of argument evaluations are sequenced
+before the function is entered (see
+[[intro.execution]]). — *end note*]
+[*Example 2*:
+``` cpp
+void f() {
+  std::string s = "but I have heard it works even if you don't believe in it";
+  s.replace(0, 4, "").replace(s.find("even"), 4, "only").replace(s.find(" don't"), 6, "");
+  assert(s == "I have heard it works only if you believe in it"); // OK
+}
+```
+— *end example*]
+[*Note 7*: If an operator function is invoked using operator notation,
+argument evaluation is sequenced as specified for the built-in operator;
+see  [[over.match.oper]]. — *end note*]
+[*Example 3*:
+``` cpp
+struct S {
+  S(int);
+};
+int operator<<(S, int);
+int i, j;
+int x = S(i=1) << (i=2);
+int y = operator<<(S(j=1), j=2);
+```
+After performing the initializations, the value of `i` is 2 (see
+[[expr.shift]]), but it is unspecified whether the value of `j` is 1 or
+2.
+— *end example*]
+The result of a function call is the result of the operand of the
+evaluated `return` statement ([[stmt.return]]) in the called function
+(if any), except in a virtual function call if the return type of the
+final overrider is different from the return type of the statically
+chosen function, the value returned from the final overrider is
+converted to the return type of the statically chosen function.
+[*Note 8*:  A function can change the values of its non-const
+parameters, but these changes cannot affect the values of the arguments
+except where a parameter is of a reference type ([[dcl.ref]]); if the
+reference is to a const-qualified type, `const_cast` is required to be
+used to cast away the constness in order to modify the argument’s value.
+Where a parameter is of `const` reference type a temporary object is
+introduced if needed ([[dcl.type]],  [[lex.literal]],  [[lex.string]],
 [[dcl.array]],  [[class.temporary]]). In addition, it is possible to
+modify the values of non-constant objects through pointer
+parameters. — *end note*]
 A function can be declared to accept fewer arguments (by declaring
 default arguments ([[dcl.fct.default]])) or more arguments (by using
 the ellipsis, `...`, or a function parameter pack ([[dcl.fct]])) than
 the number of parameters in the function definition ([[dcl.fct.def]]).
+[*Note 9*: This implies that, except where the ellipsis (`...`) or a
+function parameter pack is used, a parameter is available for each
+argument. — *end note*]
 When there is no parameter for a given argument, the argument is passed
 in such a way that the receiving function can obtain the value of the
+argument by invoking `va_arg` ([[support.runtime]]).
+[*Note 10*: This paragraph does not apply to arguments passed to a
+function parameter pack. Function parameter packs are expanded during
+template instantiation ([[temp.variadic]]), thus each such argument has
+a corresponding parameter when a function template specialization is
+actually called. — *end note*]
 The lvalue-to-rvalue ([[conv.lval]]), array-to-pointer (
 [[conv.array]]), and function-to-pointer ([[conv.func]]) standard
 conversions are performed on the argument expression. An argument that
+has type cv `std::nullptr_t` is converted to type `void*` (
+[[conv.ptr]]). After these conversions, if the argument does not have
+arithmetic, enumeration, pointer, pointer to member, or class type, the
+program is ill-formed. Passing a potentially-evaluated argument of class
+type (Clause  [[class]]) having a non-trivial copy constructor, a
+non-trivial move constructor, or a non-trivial destructor, with no
+corresponding parameter, is conditionally-supported with
+*implementation-defined* semantics. If the argument has integral or
 enumeration type that is subject to the integral promotions (
+[[conv.prom]]), or a floating-point type that is subject to the
+floating-point promotion ([[conv.fpprom]]), the value of the argument
+is converted to the promoted type before the call. These promotions are
 referred to as the *default argument promotions*.
 Recursive calls are permitted, except to the `main` function (
 [[basic.start.main]]).
 A function call is an lvalue if the result type is an lvalue reference
 type or an rvalue reference to function type, an xvalue if the result
 type is an rvalue reference to object type, and a prvalue otherwise.
 ### Explicit type conversion (functional notation) <a id="expr.type.conv">[[expr.type.conv]]</a>
 A *simple-type-specifier* ([[dcl.type.simple]]) or
 *typename-specifier* ([[temp.res]]) followed by a parenthesized
+optional *expression-list* or by a *braced-init-list* (the initializer)
+constructs a value of the specified type given the initializer. If the
+type is a placeholder for a deduced class type, it is replaced by the
+return type of the function selected by overload resolution for class
+template deduction ([[over.match.class.deduct]]) for the remainder of
+this section.
+If the initializer is a parenthesized single expression, the type
 conversion expression is equivalent (in definedness, and if defined in
 meaning) to the corresponding cast expression ([[expr.cast]]). If the
+type is cv `void` and the initializer is `()`, the expression is a
+prvalue of the specified type that performs no initialization.
+Otherwise, the expression is a prvalue of the specified type whose
+result object is direct-initialized ([[dcl.init]]) with the
+initializer. For an expression of the form `T()`, `T` shall not be an
+array type.
 ### Pseudo destructor call <a id="expr.pseudo">[[expr.pseudo]]</a>
 The use of a *pseudo-destructor-name* after a dot `.` or arrow `->`
 operator represents the destructor for the non-class type denoted by
 ``` bnf
 nested-name-specifierₒₚₜ type-name ':: ~' type-name
 ```
+shall designate the same scalar type (ignoring cv-qualification).
 ### Class member access <a id="expr.ref">[[expr.ref]]</a>
 A postfix expression followed by a dot `.` or an arrow `->`, optionally
 followed by the keyword `template` ([[temp.names]]), and then followed
 by an *id-expression*, is a postfix expression. The postfix expression
 before the dot or arrow is evaluated;[^6] the result of that evaluation,
 together with the *id-expression*, determines the result of the entire
 postfix expression.
+For the first option (dot) the first expression shall be a glvalue
+having complete class type. For the second option (arrow) the first
+expression shall be a prvalue having pointer to complete class type. The
+expression `E1->E2` is converted to the equivalent form `(*(E1)).E2`;
+the remainder of [[expr.ref]] will address only the first option
+(dot).[^7] In either case, the *id-expression* shall name a member of
+the class or of one of its base classes.
+[*Note 1*: Because the name of a class is inserted in its class scope
+(Clause  [[class]]), the name of a class is also considered a nested
+member of that class. — *end note*]
+[*Note 2*:  [[basic.lookup.classref]] describes how names are looked up
+after the `.` and `->` operators. — *end note*]
 Abbreviating *postfix-expression.id-expression* as `E1.E2`, `E1` is
+called the *object expression*. If `E2` is a bit-field, `E1.E2` is a
+bit-field. The type and value category of `E1.E2` are determined as
+follows. In the remainder of  [[expr.ref]], *cq* represents either
+`const` or the absence of `const` and *vq* represents either `volatile`
+or the absence of `volatile`. *cv* represents an arbitrary set of
+cv-qualifiers, as defined in  [[basic.type.qualifier]].
+If `E2` is declared to have type “reference to `T`”, then `E1.E2` is an
 lvalue; the type of `E1.E2` is `T`. Otherwise, one of the following
 rules applies.
 - If `E2` is a static data member and the type of `E2` is `T`, then
   `E1.E2` is an lvalue; the expression designates the named member of
     lvalue; the expression designates the static member function. The
     type of `E1.E2` is the same type as that of `E2`, namely “function
     of parameter-type-list returning `T`”.
   - Otherwise, if `E1.E2` refers to a non-static member function and the
     type of `E2` is “function of parameter-type-list *cv*
+    *ref-qualifier*ₒₚₜ returning `T`”, then `E1.E2` is a prvalue. The
     expression designates a non-static member function. The expression
     can be used only as the left-hand operand of a member function
+    call ([[class.mfct]]). \[*Note 3*: Any redundant set of parentheses
+ surrounding the expression is ignored (
+ [[expr.prim]]). — *end note*] The type of `E1.E2` is “function of
+    parameter-type-list *cv* returning `T`”.
 - If `E2` is a nested type, the expression `E1.E2` is ill-formed.
 - If `E2` is a member enumerator and the type of `E2` is `T`, the
   expression `E1.E2` is a prvalue. The type of `E1.E2` is `T`.
 If `E2` is a non-static data member or a non-static member function, the
 program is ill-formed if the class of which `E2` is directly a member is
 an ambiguous base ([[class.member.lookup]]) of the naming class (
+[[class.access.base]]) of `E2`.
+[*Note 4*: The program is also ill-formed if the naming class is an
+ambiguous base of the class type of the object expression; see
+[[class.access.base]]. — *end note*]
 ### Increment and decrement <a id="expr.post.incr">[[expr.post.incr]]</a>
+The value of a postfix `++` expression is the value of its operand.
+[*Note 1*: The value obtained is a copy of the original
+value — *end note*]
+The operand shall be a modifiable lvalue. The type of the operand shall
+be an arithmetic type other than cv `bool`, or a pointer to a complete
+object type. The value of the operand object is modified by adding `1`
+to it. The value computation of the `++` expression is sequenced before
+the modification of the operand object. With respect to an
 indeterminately-sequenced function call, the operation of postfix `++`
+is a single evaluation.
+[*Note 2*: Therefore, a function call shall not intervene between the
+lvalue-to-rvalue conversion and the side effect associated with any
+single postfix ++ operator. — *end note*]
+The result is a prvalue. The type of the result is the cv-unqualified
+version of the type of the operand. If the operand is a bit-field that
+cannot represent the incremented value, the resulting value of the
+bit-field is *implementation-defined*. See also  [[expr.add]] and
+[[expr.ass]].
 The operand of postfix `\dcr` is decremented analogously to the postfix
+`++` operator.
+[*Note 3*: For prefix increment and decrement, see
+[[expr.pre.incr]]. — *end note*]
 ### Dynamic cast <a id="expr.dynamic.cast">[[expr.dynamic.cast]]</a>
 The result of the expression `dynamic_cast<T>(v)` is the result of
 converting the expression `v` to type `T`. `T` shall be a pointer or
+reference to a complete class type, or “pointer to *cv* `void`”. The
 `dynamic_cast` operator shall not cast away constness (
 [[expr.const.cast]]).
 If `T` is a pointer type, `v` shall be a prvalue of a pointer to
 complete class type, and the result is a prvalue of type `T`. If `T` is
 an lvalue reference type, `v` shall be an lvalue of a complete class
 type, and the result is an lvalue of the type referred to by `T`. If `T`
+is an rvalue reference type, `v` shall be a glvalue having a complete
+class type, and the result is an xvalue of the type referred to by `T`.
 If the type of `v` is the same as `T`, or it is the same as `T` except
 that the class object type in `T` is more cv-qualified than the class
 object type in `v`, the result is `v` (converted if necessary).
 If `T` is “pointer to *cv1* `B`” and `v` has type “pointer to *cv2* `D`”
 such that `B` is a base class of `D`, the result is a pointer to the
 unique `B` subobject of the `D` object pointed to by `v`. Similarly, if
 `T` is “reference to *cv1* `B`” and `v` has type *cv2* `D` such that `B`
 is a base class of `D`, the result is the unique `B` subobject of the
+`D` object referred to by `v`.[^8] In both the pointer and reference
+cases, the program is ill-formed if *cv2* has greater cv-qualification
+than *cv1* or if `B` is an inaccessible or ambiguous base class of `D`.
+[*Example 1*:
 ``` cpp
 struct B { };
 struct D : B { };
 void foo(D* dp) {
   B*  bp = dynamic_cast<B*>(dp);    // equivalent to B* bp = dp;
 }
 ```
+— *end example*]
 Otherwise, `v` shall be a pointer to or a glvalue of a polymorphic
 type ([[class.virtual]]).
+If `T` is “pointer to *cv* `void`”, then the result is a pointer to the
+most derived object pointed to by `v`. Otherwise, a runtime check is
 applied to see if the object pointed or referred to by `v` can be
 converted to the type pointed or referred to by `T`.
+If `C` is the class type to which `T` points or refers, the runtime
 check logically executes as follows:
 - If, in the most derived object pointed (referred) to by `v`, `v`
   points (refers) to a `public` base class subobject of a `C` object,
   and if only one object of type `C` is derived from the subobject
 - Otherwise, if `v` points (refers) to a `public` base class subobject
   of the most derived object, and the type of the most derived object
   has a base class, of type `C`, that is unambiguous and `public`, the
   result points (refers) to the `C` subobject of the most derived
   object.
+- Otherwise, the runtime check *fails*.
 The value of a failed cast to pointer type is the null pointer value of
 the required result type. A failed cast to reference type throws an
 exception ([[except.throw]]) of a type that would match a handler (
 [[except.handle]]) of type `std::bad_cast` ([[bad.cast]]).
+[*Example 2*:
 ``` cpp
 class A { virtual void f(); };
 class B { virtual void g(); };
 class D : public virtual A, private B { };
 void g() {
   A*  ap = &d;                      // public derivation, no cast needed
   D&  dr = dynamic_cast<D&>(*bp);   // fails
   ap = dynamic_cast<A*>(bp);        // fails
   bp = dynamic_cast<B*>(ap);        // fails
   ap = dynamic_cast<A*>(&d);        // succeeds
+  bp = dynamic_cast<B*>(&d);        // ill-formed (not a runtime check)
 }
 class E : public D, public B { };
 class F : public E, public D { };
 void h() {
   F   f;
   A*  ap  = &f;                     // succeeds: finds unique A
+  D*  dp  = dynamic_cast<D*>(ap);   // fails: yields null; f has two D subobjects
   E*  ep  = (E*)ap;                 // ill-formed: cast from virtual base
   E*  ep1 = dynamic_cast<E*>(ap);   // succeeds
 }
 ```
+— *end example*]
+[*Note 1*:  [[class.cdtor]] describes the behavior of a `dynamic_cast`
+applied to an object under construction or destruction. — *end note*]
 ### Type identification <a id="expr.typeid">[[expr.typeid]]</a>
 The result of a `typeid` expression is an lvalue of static type `const`
 `std::type_info` ([[type.info]]) and dynamic type `const`
 When `typeid` is applied to an expression other than a glvalue of a
 polymorphic class type, the result refers to a `std::type_info` object
 representing the static type of the expression. Lvalue-to-rvalue (
 [[conv.lval]]), array-to-pointer ([[conv.array]]), and
 function-to-pointer ([[conv.func]]) conversions are not applied to the
+expression. If the expression is a prvalue, the temporary
+materialization conversion ([[conv.rval]]) is applied. The expression
+is an unevaluated operand (Clause  [[expr]]).
 When `typeid` is applied to a *type-id*, the result refers to a
 `std::type_info` object representing the type of the *type-id*. If the
+type of the *type-id* is a reference to a possibly cv-qualified type,
 the result of the `typeid` expression refers to a `std::type_info`
+object representing the cv-unqualified referenced type. If the type of
 the *type-id* is a class type or a reference to a class type, the class
 shall be completely-defined.
 If the type of the expression or *type-id* is a cv-qualified type, the
 result of the `typeid` expression refers to a `std::type_info` object
 representing the cv-unqualified type.
+[*Example 1*:
 ``` cpp
+class D { ... };
 D d1;
 const D d2;
 typeid(d1) == typeid(d2);       // yields true
 typeid(D)  == typeid(const D);  // yields true
 typeid(D)  == typeid(d2);       // yields true
 typeid(D)  == typeid(const D&); // yields true
 ```
+— *end example*]
 If the header `<typeinfo>` ([[type.info]]) is not included prior to a
 use of `typeid`, the program is ill-formed.
+[*Note 1*:  [[class.cdtor]] describes the behavior of `typeid` applied
+to an object under construction or destruction. — *end note*]
 ### Static cast <a id="expr.static.cast">[[expr.static.cast]]</a>
 The result of the expression `static_cast<T>(v)` is the result of
 converting the expression `v` to type `T`. If `T` is an lvalue reference
 type or an rvalue reference to function type, the result is an lvalue;
 if `T` is an rvalue reference to object type, the result is an xvalue;
 otherwise, the result is a prvalue. The `static_cast` operator shall not
 cast away constness ([[expr.const.cast]]).
+An lvalue of type “*cv1* `B`”, where `B` is a class type, can be cast to
+type “reference to *cv2* `D`”, where `D` is a class derived (Clause
+[[class.derived]]) from `B`, if *cv2* is the same cv-qualification as,
+or greater cv-qualification than, *cv1*. If `B` is a virtual base class
+of `D` or a base class of a virtual base class of `D`, or if no valid
+standard conversion from “pointer to `D`” to “pointer to `B`” exists (
+[[conv.ptr]]), the program is ill-formed. An xvalue of type “*cv1* `B`”
+can be cast to type “rvalue reference to *cv2* `D`” with the same
+constraints as for an lvalue of type “*cv1* `B`”. If the object of type
+“*cv1* `B`” is actually a base class subobject of an object of type `D`,
+the result refers to the enclosing object of type `D`. Otherwise, the
+behavior is undefined.
+[*Example 1*:
 ``` cpp
 struct B { };
 struct D : public B { };
 D d;
 B &br = d;
 static_cast<D&>(br);            // produces lvalue to the original d object
 ```
+— *end example*]
+An lvalue of type “*cv1* `T1`” can be cast to type “rvalue reference to
+*cv2* `T2`” if “*cv2* `T2`” is reference-compatible with “*cv1* `T1`” (
+[[dcl.init.ref]]). If the value is not a bit-field, the result refers to
+the object or the specified base class subobject thereof; otherwise, the
+lvalue-to-rvalue conversion ([[conv.lval]]) is applied to the bit-field
+and the resulting prvalue is used as the *expression* of the
+`static_cast` for the remainder of this section. If `T2` is an
+inaccessible (Clause  [[class.access]]) or ambiguous (
+[[class.member.lookup]]) base class of `T1`, a program that necessitates
+such a cast is ill-formed.
+An expression `e` can be explicitly converted to a type `T` if there is
+an implicit conversion sequence ([[over.best.ics]]) from `e` to `T`, or
+if overload resolution for a direct-initialization ([[dcl.init]]) of an
+object or reference of type `T` from `e` would find at least one viable
+function ([[over.match.viable]]). If `T` is a reference type, the
+effect is the same as performing the declaration and initialization
+``` cpp
+T t(e);
+```
+for some invented temporary variable `t` ([[dcl.init]]) and then using
+the temporary variable as the result of the conversion. Otherwise, the
+result object is direct-initialized from `e`.
+[*Note 1*: The conversion is ill-formed when attempting to convert an
+expression of class type to an inaccessible or ambiguous base
+class. — *end note*]
 Otherwise, the `static_cast` shall perform one of the conversions listed
 below. No other conversion shall be performed explicitly using a
 `static_cast`.
 Any expression can be explicitly converted to type cv `void`, in which
 case it becomes a discarded-value expression (Clause  [[expr]]).
+[*Note 2*: However, if the value is in a temporary object (
+[[class.temporary]]), the destructor for that object is not executed
+until the usual time, and the value of the object is preserved for the
+purpose of executing the destructor. — *end note*]
 The inverse of any standard conversion sequence (Clause  [[conv]]) not
 containing an lvalue-to-rvalue ([[conv.lval]]), array-to-pointer (
 [[conv.array]]), function-to-pointer ([[conv.func]]), null pointer (
+[[conv.ptr]]), null member pointer ([[conv.mem]]), boolean (
+[[conv.bool]]), or function pointer ([[conv.fctptr]]) conversion, can
+be performed explicitly using `static_cast`. A program is ill-formed if
+it uses `static_cast` to perform the inverse of an ill-formed standard
+conversion sequence.
+[*Example 2*:
 ``` cpp
 struct B { };
 struct D : private B { };
 void f() {
+  static_cast<D*>((B*)0);               // error: B is a private base of D
+  static_cast<int B::*>((int D::*)0);   // error: B is a private base of D
 }
 ```
+— *end example*]
 The lvalue-to-rvalue ([[conv.lval]]), array-to-pointer (
 [[conv.array]]), and function-to-pointer ([[conv.func]]) conversions
 are applied to the operand. Such a `static_cast` is subject to the
 restriction that the explicit conversion does not cast away constness (
 [[expr.const.cast]]), and the following additional rules for specific
 type. Otherwise, the resulting value is unspecified. A value of a scoped
 enumeration type can also be explicitly converted to a floating-point
 type; the result is the same as that of converting from the original
 value to the floating-point type.
+A value of integral or enumeration type can be explicitly converted to a
+complete enumeration type. The value is unchanged if the original value
+is within the range of the enumeration values ([[dcl.enum]]).
+Otherwise, the behavior is undefined. A value of floating-point type can
+also be explicitly converted to an enumeration type. The resulting value
+is the same as converting the original value to the underlying type of
+the enumeration ([[conv.fpint]]), and subsequently to the enumeration
+type.
+A prvalue of type “pointer to *cv1* `B`”, where `B` is a class type, can
+be converted to a prvalue of type “pointer to *cv2* `D`”, where `D` is a
+class derived (Clause  [[class.derived]]) from `B`, if *cv2* is the same
+cv-qualification as, or greater cv-qualification than, *cv1*. If `B` is
+a virtual base class of `D` or a base class of a virtual base class of
+`D`, or if no valid standard conversion from “pointer to `D`” to
+“pointer to `B`” exists ([[conv.ptr]]), the program is ill-formed. The
+null pointer value ([[conv.ptr]]) is converted to the null pointer
+value of the destination type. If the prvalue of type “pointer to *cv1*
+`B`” points to a `B` that is actually a subobject of an object of type
+`D`, the resulting pointer points to the enclosing object of type `D`.
+Otherwise, the behavior is undefined.
 A prvalue of type “pointer to member of `D` of type *cv1* `T`” can be
+converted to a prvalue of type “pointer to member of `B` of type *cv2*
+`T`”, where `B` is a base class (Clause  [[class.derived]]) of `D`, if
+*cv2* is the same cv-qualification as, or greater cv-qualification than,
+*cv1*.[^11] If no valid standard conversion from “pointer to member of
+`B` of type `T`” to “pointer to member of `D` of type `T`” exists (
+[[conv.mem]]), the program is ill-formed. The null member pointer
+value ([[conv.mem]]) is converted to the null member pointer value of
+the destination type. If class `B` contains the original member, or is a
+base or derived class of the class containing the original member, the
+resulting pointer to member points to the original member. Otherwise,
+the behavior is undefined.
+[*Note 3*: Although class `B` need not contain the original member, the
+dynamic type of the object with which indirection through the pointer to
+member is performed must contain the original member; see
+[[expr.mptr.oper]]. — *end note*]
 A prvalue of type “pointer to *cv1* `void`” can be converted to a
+prvalue of type “pointer to *cv2* `T`”, where `T` is an object type and
 *cv2* is the same cv-qualification as, or greater cv-qualification than,
+*cv1*. If the original pointer value represents the address `A` of a
+byte in memory and `A` does not satisfy the alignment requirement of
+`T`, then the resulting pointer value is unspecified. Otherwise, if the
+original pointer value points to an object *a*, and there is an object
+*b* of type `T` (ignoring cv-qualification) that is
+pointer-interconvertible ([[basic.compound]]) with *a*, the result is a
+pointer to *b*. Otherwise, the pointer value is unchanged by the
+conversion.
+[*Example 3*:
 ``` cpp
 T* p1 = new T;
 const T* p2 = static_cast<const T*>(static_cast<void*>(p1));
 bool b = p1 == p2;  // b will have the value true.
 ```
+— *end example*]
 ### Reinterpret cast <a id="expr.reinterpret.cast">[[expr.reinterpret.cast]]</a>
 The result of the expression `reinterpret_cast<T>(v)` is the result of
 converting the expression `v` to type `T`. If `T` is an lvalue reference
 type or an rvalue reference to function type, the result is an lvalue;
 The `reinterpret_cast` operator shall not cast away constness (
 [[expr.const.cast]]). An expression of integral, enumeration, pointer,
 or pointer-to-member type can be explicitly converted to its own type;
 such a cast yields the value of its operand.
+[*Note 1*: The mapping performed by `reinterpret_cast` might, or might
+not, produce a representation different from the original
+value. — *end note*]
 A pointer can be explicitly converted to any integral type large enough
+to hold it. The mapping function is *implementation-defined*.
+[*Note 2*: It is intended to be unsurprising to those who know the
+addressing structure of the underlying machine. — *end note*]
+A value of type `std::nullptr_t` can be converted to an integral type;
+the conversion has the same meaning and validity as a conversion of
+`(void*)0` to the integral type.
+[*Note 3*: A `reinterpret_cast` cannot be used to convert a value of
+any type to the type `std::nullptr_t`. — *end note*]
 A value of integral type or enumeration type can be explicitly converted
 to a pointer. A pointer converted to an integer of sufficient size (if
 any such exists on the implementation) and back to the same pointer type
 will have its original value; mappings between pointers and integers are
+otherwise *implementation-defined*.
+[*Note 4*: Except as described in [[basic.stc.dynamic.safety]], the
+result of such a conversion will not be a safely-derived pointer
+value. — *end note*]
 A function pointer can be explicitly converted to a function pointer of
+a different type.
+[*Note 5*: The effect of calling a function through a pointer to a
+function type ([[dcl.fct]]) that is not the same as the type used in
+the definition of the function is undefined. — *end note*]
+Except that converting a prvalue of type “pointer to `T1`” to the type
+“pointer to `T2`” (where `T1` and `T2` are function types) and back to
+its original type yields the original pointer value, the result of such
+a pointer conversion is unspecified.
+[*Note 6*: See also  [[conv.ptr]] for more details of pointer
+conversions. — *end note*]
 An object pointer can be explicitly converted to an object pointer of a
 different type.[^12] When a prvalue `v` of object pointer type is
 converted to the object pointer type “pointer to cv `T`”, the result is
+`static_cast<cv T*>(static_cast<cv~void*>(v))`.
+[*Note 7*: Converting a prvalue of type “pointer to `T1`” to the type
+“pointer to `T2`” (where `T1` and `T2` are object types and where the
+alignment requirements of `T2` are no stricter than those of `T1`) and
+back to its original type yields the original pointer
+value. — *end note*]
 Converting a function pointer to an object pointer type or vice versa is
 conditionally-supported. The meaning of such a conversion is
 *implementation-defined*, except that if an implementation supports
 conversions in both directions, converting a prvalue of one type to the
 other type and back, possibly with different cv-qualification, shall
 yield the original pointer value.
 The null pointer value ([[conv.ptr]]) is converted to the null pointer
+value of the destination type.
+[*Note 8*: A null pointer constant of type `std::nullptr_t` cannot be
+converted to a pointer type, and a null pointer constant of integral
+type is not necessarily converted to a null pointer
+value. — *end note*]
 A prvalue of type “pointer to member of `X` of type `T1`” can be
 explicitly converted to a prvalue of a different type “pointer to member
 of `Y` of type `T2`” if `T1` and `T2` are both function types or both
 object types.[^13] The null member pointer value ([[conv.mem]]) is
 A glvalue expression of type `T1` can be cast to the type “reference to
 `T2`” if an expression of type “pointer to `T1`” can be explicitly
 converted to the type “pointer to `T2`” using a `reinterpret_cast`. The
 result refers to the same object as the source glvalue, but with the
+specified type.
+[*Note 9*: That is, for lvalues, a reference cast
 `reinterpret_cast<T&>(x)` has the same effect as the conversion
 `*reinterpret_cast<T*>(&x)` with the built-in `&` and `*` operators (and
+similarly for `reinterpret_cast<T&&>(x)`). — *end note*]
+No temporary is created, no copy is made, and constructors (
+[[class.ctor]]) or conversion functions ([[class.conv]]) are not
+called.[^14]
 ### Const cast <a id="expr.const.cast">[[expr.const.cast]]</a>
 The result of the expression `const_cast<T>(v)` is of type `T`. If `T`
 is an lvalue reference to object type, the result is an lvalue; if `T`
 function-to-pointer ([[conv.func]]) standard conversions are performed
 on the expression `v`. Conversions that can be performed explicitly
 using `const_cast` are listed below. No other conversion shall be
 performed explicitly using `const_cast`.
+[*Note 1*: Subject to the restrictions in this section, an expression
+may be cast to its own type using a `const_cast`
+operator. — *end note*]
+For two similar types `T1` and `T2` ([[conv.qual]]), a prvalue of type
+`T1` may be explicitly converted to the type `T2` using a `const_cast`.
+The result of a `const_cast` refers to the original entity.
+[*Example 1*:
+``` cpp
+typedef int *A[3];               // array of 3 pointer to int
+typedef const int *const CA[3];  // array of 3 const pointer to const int
+CA &&r = A{}; // OK, reference binds to temporary array object after qualification conversion to type CA
+A &&r1 = const_cast<A>(CA{});    // error: temporary array decayed to pointer
+A &&r2 = const_cast<A&&>(CA{});  // OK
+```
+— *end example*]
 For two object types `T1` and `T2`, if a pointer to `T1` can be
 explicitly converted to the type “pointer to `T2`” using a `const_cast`,
 then the following conversions can also be made:
 - a glvalue of type `T1` can be explicitly converted to an xvalue of
   type `T2` using the cast `const_cast<T2&&>`; and
 - if `T1` is a class type, a prvalue of type `T1` can be explicitly
   converted to an xvalue of type `T2` using the cast `const_cast<T2&&>`.
+The result of a reference `const_cast` refers to the original object if
+the operand is a glvalue and to the result of applying the temporary
+materialization conversion ([[conv.rval]]) otherwise.
 A null pointer value ([[conv.ptr]]) is converted to the null pointer
 value of the destination type. The null member pointer value (
 [[conv.mem]]) is converted to the null member pointer value of the
 destination type.
+[*Note 2*: Depending on the type of the object, a write operation
+through the pointer, lvalue or pointer to data member resulting from a
+`const_cast` that casts away a const-qualifier[^15] may produce
+undefined behavior ([[dcl.type.cv]]). — *end note*]
+A conversion from a type `T1` to a type `T2` *casts away constness* if
+`T1` and `T2` are different, there is a cv-decomposition (
+[[conv.qual]]) of `T1` yielding *n* such that `T2` has a
+cv-decomposition of the form
+and there is no qualification conversion that converts `T1` to
 Casting from an lvalue of type `T1` to an lvalue of type `T2` using an
 lvalue reference cast or casting from an expression of type `T1` to an
 xvalue of type `T2` using an rvalue reference cast casts away constness
 if a cast from a prvalue of type “pointer to `T1`” to the type “pointer
 to `T2`” casts away constness.
+[*Note 3*: Some conversions which involve only changes in
+cv-qualification cannot be done using `const_cast.` For instance,
+conversions between pointers to functions are not covered because such
+conversions lead to values whose use causes undefined behavior. For the
+same reasons, conversions between pointers to member functions, and in
+particular, the conversion from a pointer to a const member function to
+a pointer to a non-const member function, are not
+covered. — *end note*]

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