[conversions.string] - C++14 → C++17

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-##### `string` conversions <a id="conversions.string">[[conversions.string]]</a>
-Class template `wstring_convert` performs conversions between a wide
-string and a byte string. It lets you specify a code conversion facet
-(like class template `codecvt`) to perform the conversions, without
-affecting any streams or locales. If you want to use the code conversion
-facet `codecvt_utf8` to output to `cout` a UTF-8 multibyte sequence
-corresponding to a wide string, but you don’t want to alter the locale
-for `cout`, you can write something like:
-``` cpp
-wstring_convert<std::codecvt_utf8<wchar_t>> myconv;
-std::string mbstring = myconv.to_bytes(L"Hello\n");
-std::cout << mbstring;
-```
-``` cpp
-namespace std {
-template<class Codecvt, class Elem = wchar_t,
-    class Wide_alloc = std::allocator<Elem>,
-    class Byte_alloc = std::allocator<char> > class wstring_convert {
-  public:
-    typedef std::basic_string<char, char_traits<char>, Byte_alloc> byte_string;
-    typedef std::basic_string<Elem, char_traits<Elem>, Wide_alloc> wide_string;
-    typedef typename Codecvt::state_type state_type;
-    typedef typename wide_string::traits_type::int_type int_type;
-    explicit wstring_convert(Codecvt* pcvt = new Codecvt);
-    wstring_convert(Codecvt* pcvt, state_type state);
-    explicit wstring_convert(const byte_string& byte_err,
-                             const wide_string& wide_err = wide_string());
-    ~wstring_convert();
-    wstring_convert(const wstring_convert&) = delete;
-    wstring_convert& operator=(const wstring_convert&) = delete;
-    wide_string from_bytes(char byte);
-    wide_string from_bytes(const char* ptr);
-    wide_string from_bytes(const byte_string& str);
-    wide_string from_bytes(const char* first, const char* last);
-    byte_string to_bytes(Elem wchar);
-    byte_string to_bytes(const Elem* wptr);
-    byte_string to_bytes(const wide_string& wstr);
-    byte_string to_bytes(const Elem* first, const Elem* last);
-    size_t converted() const noexcept;
-    state_type state() const;
-  private:
-    byte_string byte_err_string;    // exposition only
-    wide_string wide_err_string;    // exposition only
-    Codecvt* cvtptr;                // exposition only
-    state_type cvtstate;            // exposition only
-    size_t cvtcount;                // exposition only
-  };
-}
-```
-The class template describes an object that controls conversions between
-wide string objects of class `std::basic_string<Elem, char_traits<Elem>,
-Wide_alloc>` and byte string objects of class `std::\\basic_string<char,
-char_traits<char>, Byte_alloc>`. The class template defines the types
-`wide_string` and `byte_string` as synonyms for these two types.
-Conversion between a sequence of `Elem` values (stored in a
-`wide_string` object) and multibyte sequences (stored in a `byte_string`
-object) is performed by an object of class `Codecvt`, which meets the
-requirements of the standard code-conversion facet `std::codecvt<Elem,
-char, std::mbstate_t>`.
-An object of this class template stores:
-- `byte_err_string` — a byte string to display on errors
-- `wide_err_string` — a wide string to display on errors
-- `cvtptr` — a pointer to the allocated conversion object (which is
-  freed when the `wstring_convert` object is destroyed)
-- `cvtstate` — a conversion state object
-- `cvtcount` — a conversion count
-``` cpp
-typedef std::basic_string<char, char_traits<char>, Byte_alloc> byte_string;
-```
-The type shall be a synonym for
-`std::basic_string<char, char_traits<char>, Byte_alloc>`
-``` cpp
-size_t converted() const noexcept;
-```
-*Returns:* `cvtcount`.
-``` cpp
-wide_string from_bytes(char byte);
-wide_string from_bytes(const char* ptr);
-wide_string from_bytes(const byte_string& str);
-wide_string from_bytes(const char* first, const char* last);
-```
-*Effects:* The first member function shall convert the single-element
-sequence `byte` to a wide string. The second member function shall
-convert the null-terminated sequence beginning at `ptr` to a wide
-string. The third member function shall convert the sequence stored in
-`str` to a wide string. The fourth member function shall convert the
-sequence defined by the range \[`first`, `last`) to a wide string.
-In all cases:
-- If the `cvtstate` object was not constructed with an explicit value,
-  it shall be set to its default value (the initial conversion state)
-  before the conversion begins. Otherwise it shall be left unchanged.
-- The number of input elements successfully converted shall be stored in
-  `cvtcount`.
-*Returns:* If no conversion error occurs, the member function shall
-return the converted wide string. Otherwise, if the object was
-constructed with a wide-error string, the member function shall return
-the wide-error string. Otherwise, the member function throws an object
-of class `std::range_error`.
-``` cpp
-typedef typename wide_string::traits_type::int_type int_type;
-```
-The type shall be a synonym for `wide_string::traits_type::int_type`.
-``` cpp
-state_type state() const;
-```
-returns `cvtstate`.
-``` cpp
-typedef typename Codecvt::state_type state_type;
-```
-The type shall be a synonym for `Codecvt::state_type`.
-``` cpp
-byte_string to_bytes(Elem wchar);
-byte_string to_bytes(const Elem* wptr);
-byte_string to_bytes(const wide_string& wstr);
-byte_string to_bytes(const Elem* first, const Elem* last);
-```
-*Effects:* The first member function shall convert the single-element
-sequence `wchar` to a byte string. The second member function shall
-convert the null-terminated sequence beginning at `wptr` to a byte
-string. The third member function shall convert the sequence stored in
-`wstr` to a byte string. The fourth member function shall convert the
-sequence defined by the range \[`first`, `last`) to a byte string.
-In all cases:
-- If the `cvtstate` object was not constructed with an explicit value,
-  it shall be set to its default value (the initial conversion state)
-  before the conversion begins. Otherwise it shall be left unchanged.
-- The number of input elements successfully converted shall be stored in
-  `cvtcount`.
-*Returns:* If no conversion error occurs, the member function shall
-return the converted byte string. Otherwise, if the object was
-constructed with a byte-error string, the member function shall return
-the byte-error string. Otherwise, the member function shall throw an
-object of class `std::range_error`.
-``` cpp
-typedef std::basic_string<Elem, char_traits<Elem>, Wide_alloc> wide_string;
-```
-The type shall be a synonym for
-`std::basic_string<Elem, char_traits<Elem>, Wide_alloc>`.
-``` cpp
-explicit wstring_convert(Codecvt* pcvt = new Codecvt);
-wstring_convert(Codecvt* pcvt, state_type state);
-explicit wstring_convert(const byte_string& byte_err,
-    const wide_string& wide_err = wide_string());
-```
-*Requires:* For the first and second constructors, `pcvt != nullptr`.
-*Effects:* The first constructor shall store `pcvt` in `cvtptr` and
-default values in `cvtstate`, `byte_err_string`, and `wide_err_string`.
-The second constructor shall store `pcvt` in `cvtptr`, `state` in
-`cvtstate`, and default values in `byte_err_string` and
-`wide_err_string`; moreover the stored state shall be retained between
-calls to `from_bytes` and `to_bytes`. The third constructor shall store
-`new Codecvt` in `cvtptr`, `state_type()` in `cvtstate`, `byte_err` in
-`byte_err_string`, and `wide_err` in `wide_err_string`.
-``` cpp
-~wstring_convert();
-```
-*Effects:* The destructor shall delete `cvtptr`.

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