[bind] - C++11 → C++14

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-### Function template `bind` <a id="bind">[[bind]]</a>
-The function template `bind` returns an object that binds a callable
-object passed as an argument to additional arguments.
-#### Function object binders <a id="func.bind">[[func.bind]]</a>
-This subclause describes a uniform mechanism for binding arguments of
-callable objects.
-##### Class template `is_bind_expression` <a id="func.bind.isbind">[[func.bind.isbind]]</a>
-``` cpp
-namespace std {
-  template<class T> struct is_bind_expression
-    : integral_constant<bool, see below> { };
-}
-```
-`is_bind_expression` can be used to detect function objects generated by
-`bind`. `bind` uses `is_bind_expression` to detect subexpressions. Users
-may specialize this template to indicate that a type should be treated
-as a subexpression in a `bind` call.
-If `T` is a type returned from `bind`, `is_bind_expression<T>` shall be
-publicly derived from `integral_constant<bool, true>`, otherwise from
-`integral_constant<bool, false>`.
-`is_placeholder` can be used to detect the standard placeholders `_1`,
-`_2`, and so on. `bind` uses `is_placeholder` to detect placeholders.
-Users may specialize this template to indicate a placeholder type.
-If `T` is the type of `std::placeholders::_J`, `is_placeholder<T>` shall
-be publicly derived from `integral_constant<int, J>`, otherwise from
-`integral_constant<int, 0>`.
-##### Function template `bind` <a id="func.bind.bind">[[func.bind.bind]]</a>
-In the text that follows, the following names have the following
-meanings:
-- `FD` is the type `decay<F>::type`,
-- `fd` is an lvalue of type `FD` constructed from `std::forward<F>(f)`,
-- `Ti` is the iᵗʰ type in the template parameter back `BoundArgs`,
-- `TiD` is the type `decay<Ti>::type`,
-- `ti` is the iᵗʰ argument in the function parameter pack `bound_args`,
-- `tid` is an lvalue of type `TiD` constructed from
-  `std::forward<Ti>(ti)`,
-- `Uj` is the jᵗʰ deduced type of the `UnBoundArgs&&...` parameter of
-  the forwarding call wrapper, and
-- `uj` is the jᵗʰ argument associated with `Uj`.
-``` cpp
-template<class F, class... BoundArgs>
-  unspecified bind(F&& f, BoundArgs&&... bound_args);
-```
-*Requires:* `is_constructible<FD, F>::value` shall be `true`. For each
-`Ti` in `BoundArgs`, `is_constructible<TiD, Ti>::value` shall be `true`.
-*`INVOKE`*` (fd, w1, w2, ..., wN)` ([[func.require]]) shall be a valid
-expression for some values *w1, w2, ..., wN*, where
-`N == sizeof...(bound_args)`.
-*Returns:* A forwarding call wrapper `g` with a weak result
-type ([[func.require]]). The effect of `g(u1, u2, ..., uM)` shall be
-*`INVOKE`*`(fd, v1, v2, ..., vN, result_of<FD `*`cv`*` (V1, V2, ..., VN)>::type)`,
-where *`cv`* represents the *cv*-qualifiers of `g` and the values and
-types of the bound arguments `v1, v2, ..., vN` are determined as
-specified below. The copy constructor and move constructor of the
-forwarding call wrapper shall throw an exception if and only if the
-corresponding constructor of `FD` or of any of the types `TiD` throws an
-exception.
-*Throws:* Nothing unless the construction of `fd` or of one of the
-values `tid` throws an exception.
-*Remarks:* The return type shall satisfy the requirements of
-`MoveConstructible`. If all of `FD` and `TiD` satisfy the requirements
-of `CopyConstructible`, then the return type shall satisfy the
-requirements of `CopyConstructible`. This implies that all of `FD` and
-`TiD` are `MoveConstructible`.
-``` cpp
-template<class R, class F, class... BoundArgs>
-  unspecified bind(F&& f, BoundArgs&&... bound_args);
-```
-*Requires:* `is_constructible<FD, F>::value` shall be `true`. For each
-`Ti` in `BoundArgs`, `is_constructible<TiD, Ti>::value` shall be `true`.
-*`INVOKE`*`(fd, w1, w2, ..., wN)` shall be a valid expression for some
-values *w1, w2, ..., wN*, where `N == sizeof...(bound_args)`.
-*Returns:* A forwarding call wrapper `g` with a nested type
-`result_type` defined as a synonym for `R`. The effect of
-`g(u1, u2, ..., uM)` shall be *`INVOKE`*`(fd, v1, v2, ..., vN, R)`,
-where the values and types of the bound arguments `v1, v2, ..., vN` are
-determined as specified below. The copy constructor and move constructor
-of the forwarding call wrapper shall throw an exception if and only if
-the corresponding constructor of `FD` or of any of the types `TiD`
-throws an exception.
-*Throws:* Nothing unless the construction of `fd` or of one of the
-values `tid` throws an exception.
-*Remarks:* The return type shall satisfy the requirements of
-`MoveConstructible`. If all of `FD` and `TiD` satisfy the requirements
-of `CopyConstructible`, then the return type shall satisfy the
-requirements of `CopyConstructible`. This implies that all of `FD` and
-`TiD` are `MoveConstructible`.
-The values of the *bound arguments* `v1, v2, ..., vN` and their
-corresponding types `V1, V2, ..., VN` depend on the types `TiD` derived
-from the call to `bind` and the *cv*-qualifiers *cv* of the call wrapper
-`g` as follows:
-- if `TiD` is `reference_wrapper<T>`, the argument is `tid.get()` and
-  its type `Vi` is `T&`;
-- if the value of `is_bind_expression<TiD>::value` is `true`, the
-  argument is `tid(std::forward<Uj>({}uj)...)` and its type `Vi` is
-  `result_of<TiD cv (Uj...)>::type`;
-- if the value `j` of `is_placeholder<TiD>::value` is not zero, the
-  argument is `std::forward<Uj>(uj)` and its type `Vi` is `Uj&&`;
-- otherwise, the value is `tid` and its type `Vi` is `TiD cv &`.
-##### Placeholders <a id="func.bind.place">[[func.bind.place]]</a>
-``` cpp
-namespace std {
-  namespace placeholders {
-    // M is the implementation-defined number of placeholders
-    extern unspecified _1;
-    extern unspecified _2;
-                .
-                .
-                .
-    extern unspecified _M;
-  }
-}
-```
-All placeholder types shall be `DefaultConstructible` and
-`CopyConstructible`, and their default constructors and copy/move
-constructors shall not throw exceptions. It is *implementation-defined*
-whether placeholder types are `CopyAssignable`. `CopyAssignable`
-placeholders’ copy assignment operators shall not throw exceptions.

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